28 INTRODUCTION. 



To judge properlj of a bramble from a preserved speci- 

 men we require a piece of the middle of the stem with more 

 than one leaf; the base and tip of the stem are also desirable. 

 Likewise a piece of the old stem with the flowering shoot 

 attached to it; the panicle with flowers, and the fruit. 

 We likewise want to know the direction of the stem through- 

 out, of the leaflets, and of the calyx; also the shape of the 

 petals and the colour of the styles : a note of these should 

 be made when the specimen is gathered. 



In quoting the works of difierent authors I do not hold 

 myself responsible for the correctness of all the synonyms 

 given by them. In some cases I have no doubt of their 

 incorrectness, but do not possess any absolute proof of it. 



The localities for each species are with comparatively few 

 exceptions founded upon specimens preserved in my own 

 Herbarium. When such is not the case the authority is 

 added within brackets and a (!) appended wherever I have 

 seen a specimen. But as many of these latter have not 

 been recently seen I must not be considered as now guaran^ 

 teeing their absolute accuracy. 



