Notes on the sea-ice along the east coast of Greenland. 193 
the year. The stretch of open water to the south of Shannon Island 
decreased very much in extent during this period. 
It was, however, only of short duration, and on June 28th, after a 
rather strong south-easterly gale, the conditions had improved so much that 
a landwater about 4 å 6 miles broad could be seen extending all along 
the east coast of Shannon Island; the pack-ice however seemed very 
compressed judging by the looks of the sky. The ice was drifting to the 
south with a velocity of 3 А 5 miles a day. 
The pack-ice again came nearer to the land during the first days 
of July — after some days of northerly and north-easterly breezes — and 
a large amount of ice drifted about in the water to the south of Shannon 
Island, which had formerly been quite open. The pack-ice itself was 
very heavy; there was no water at all visible between the floes, and 
the drift seemed entirely stopped. On July 4th a fresh SE wind for 
the first time caused no perceptible change in the state of the ice. 
The usual opening in the pack-ice to the east of Cape Philip Broke 
was seen on July 9th, but the bay between Shannon Island and Bass 
Rock was entirely filled with ice drifting backwards and forwards with 
the tide, and the landwater had ceased to exist. 
The pack-ice seemed still more slack on July 13th, but its edge was 
quite impenetrable. The pack-ice under land drifted so fast, that a large 
iceberg drifted from abreast of Cape Philip Broke and out of sight to 
the south within two days. 
A northerly gale on July 15th and 16th drove the ice on land in 
very large floes — a single floe stretching as far as the horizon in all 
directions when seen from the height of 100 metres, and there was no 
water at all in sight even close under land. 
The ice remained immovable in this state all of July and the greater 
part of August, and the direction of the wind, which formerly had such 
a marked influence on the ice, had absolutely no influence whether 
blowing from the north or south. 
The land-ice in Freeden Bay broke up on August 9th, but could 
not drift away owing to the pack-ice, which was pressed close on to it. 
A very pronounced water-sky was noticed to the east of Cape Philip 
Broke on August 11th, but no water was in sight from an elevation 
of 100 metres, and there was absolutely no change in the state of the 
pack-ice nearer at hand till August 14th when — in consequence of 
persistent SE winds — the pack-ice generally speaking opened up and 
seemed navigable, but there was as yet no landwater and no indication 
of openings between the floes further to the north. 
The ice between Shannon Island and the mainland broke up on 
August 19th and by its size and momentum cleared away all the smaller 
ice-floes between Shannon Island and Bass Rock, but it was unable to 
drift clear away on account of the pack-ice, which stopped its progress 
when approaching the main current. It was not till August 23rd that 
LI. 13 
