OPHRYDEyE—SERAPIADINJE— ORCHIS 207 



in the north of which it is the predominant form. In Ireland as common as the type. 

 Vide also p. 215. 



Almost all Europe including Iceland, Northern Asia from Siberia to Kamtschatka, 

 Asia Minor, Persia, N. Africa. 



Orchis maculata L., Sp. pi. ed. i, p. 942 (1753). O. Fuchsii Dr., B.E.C. 

 p. 105 (1914) (in part). Sub-species elodes Grisebach (as species), Gottingen 

 Studien, 1845. O. maculata precox Webster, 1886. O. maculata sub-sp. 

 ERiCETORUM Linton, 1900. 



Dr Druce restricts O. maculata L. entirely to the sub-sp. elodes. Linnasus' 

 diagnosis in the Sp. pi. p. 942 (1753) is "labio piano petalis dorsalibus erectis" and 

 further "Petala 3 exteriora erecta". In elodes the side-sepals are horizontal or 

 drooping, not erect, but they are erect as a rule in 0. Fuchsii Dr. (cf. /.£. p. 306 (1923)). 



In his Olandska Kesa, p. 48, Linnseus stated that on June 2nd, 1741, in a marsh at 

 Rella in the island of CEland he found an Orchis "commonly called 0. palmata 

 maculata". In his F/. suecica, ed. 2, after his diagnosis oi Orchis maculata he quotes 

 //. eel. p. 48, and Sp. pi. p. 942, definitely placing the Rella plant under this species. 

 On June 19th, 1922, Mr W. N. Edwards of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) visited 

 the marsh at Rella and brought home a series of 0. maculata, which was passed by 

 Dr Druce as his Orchis Fuchsii. Thus Linnaeus did not restrict his type to elodes. 



Fertilisation. As in other species of Orchis, vide "Pollination and Fertilisation". 

 H. Miiller {Pert, of ¥ lowers, Engl, transl. p. 539) witnessed the visits of Bombus 

 pratorum (once only), Psithjrus Barbutellus (frequently), and P. glohosus, also of Volu- 

 cella hombjlans L. {Syrphida) and Eristalis horticola Mgn. ; Darwin {Pert. Orch. ed. 2, 

 p. 16) and his son saw it frequently visited by a fly, Empis livida.^ Six of these had 

 the poUinia attached to their spherical eyes on a level with the base of the antenna;, 

 in the most favourable position to come in contact with the stigma. A specimen of 

 Empis pennipes had five pollinia attached to the thorax. 



I saw it visited by Bombus muscorum and B. hortorum near Badbury Rings on May 

 30th, 191 8, and by Volucella bombjlans ^TlX. plumata on Mont Pelerin, above Vevey; 

 also by the orange-brown Bombus agrorum at Challes-les-Eaux, in this last case 

 witnessing at close quarters the actual withdrawal of a pair of pollinia, which was 

 most neatly done. Darwin detected minute brown specks where punctures had been 

 made in the inner lining of the spur by an Empis {Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 143 (1869)). 



On June 25th, 1929, 1 took a hive-bee on Orchis maculata above Montreux, Switzer- 

 land, bearing eight pollinia of that species on its head. I also took on Gjmnadenia 

 albida at Trient, Switzerland, a specimen of Halictus calceatus $ with a single pollinium 

 of 0. maculata on July nth, 1929. On May 4th, 1930, 1 took Halictus tumulorum L, ? 



' Probably this refers to the sub-sp. elodes, often visited by Empida, and not distinguished from 

 the type in Britain till 1886. 



