186 THE BOOK OF THE ROSE CHAP. 
farmyard manure. It would be almost impossible 
to stamp out the fungus, as it is much more frequent 
than mildew on the wild briar. The Dog-Rose in 
fact seems to be its natural host, though it is some- 
times found on other plants. Manetti stocks them- 
selves are rarely troubled with it, though it often 
comes first on the Roses budded on it, but seedling 
briars often suffer much and are seriously crippled 
by its attacks. 
I can suggest no other remedies than finger and 
thumb or cutting off and burning in the early 
stages, and diligent hoeing, with watering if 
necessary, in early August. Exhibitors, whose 
season is over by mid-July, are rather apt to 
neglect the hoeing and general culture when the 
important operation of budding is in full swing. 
As no real remedy is known for the red rust, 
and little if any practical damage is done by it 
to the blooms, it is not to be wondered at that 
it is often unheeded as a minor and necessary 
evil. 
It seems best to speak here of Suckers, which are 
a pest at all times, especially in the growing season, 
when we are on the look-out for enemies. They 
are most common from standards, especially tall 
ones which are insecurely staked these latter, when 
pressed by the winds, naturally throw out suckers 
to support themselves—a shoot goes out from the 
underground stem for a foot or so, then grows up 
and in due course sends a little root down, which 
forms an anchor for the original stem—two or three 
more on the opposite sides, and the plant is held 
firm and cannot be rocked by the wind. 
The wild stock will, however, often form suckers 
