THE GARDEN AND ITS DEVELOPMENT. 407 



in the year 822 to rel)uild the nionasteiy of St. Gall, a large, care- 

 fully executed plan which, covering several skins of parchment, is 

 still found at St. Gall. For all the gardens within the walls of the 

 monastery the Roman cross-walk arrangement has been preserved, and 

 was only discarded for the kitchen garden. With regard to this latter, 

 the plan clearly states what plants shall be cultivated in the different 

 beds, but this was probably done at the instance of Charlemagne, who 

 influenced the contents of the German garden much more than the style 

 of its arrangement. Germany has to thank him for the introduction 

 of the most common species of fruit trees, together with walnuts, 

 quinces, and numerous pot herbs. Of course he was not able to natu- 

 ralize on this side of the Alps all the plants with which he had become 

 acquainted in Italian gardens, but a long list of introduced plants 

 became fully acclimated, and it speaks nuich for the constanc}' of the 

 German peasant that these plants to-day constitute the solid foundation 

 of his garden — the rose, the white lily, the wallflower, the popp3% rue, 

 sage — whereby not only have plants become adapted to the German 

 climate, but idioms have been imported into the language, as lactuca 

 changed to " lattich " (lettuce), or lerlstJcum to " liebestockel " (lovage). 

 The succeeding age, that of the Holy Roman Empire of the German 

 nation, was not a time for peaceful garden art, and there was wanting 

 the necessary space for its cultivation. The townsmen crowded them- 

 selves together behind the city walls, the nobles dwelt in their isolated 

 castles where the castle yard with its linden tree frequently repre- 

 sented the entire garden. Where a small garden was provided it 

 had to ])e restricted to the most essential things, for even in the 

 comparatively large castles there Avas but little room for horticulture. 

 Yet even here it was sometimes possible to gratif}^ one's private 

 fancies. In the Hollenthal, at the foot of the lofty jNIeissner, for 

 example, there is a steep rock}^ cone, the Bielstein, upon which there 

 was formerly a castle. At the present time nothing can l)e seen of it 

 but a few ruins, among which grow two species of plants found 

 nowhere in Germany but on this rock and not met with again until we 

 reach the boundary of Hungary and Moravia. Such a striking, com- 

 pletely localized occurrence of Hungarian plants in a distant mountain 

 valley of Hesse can not be ascribed to chance ; they must formerly 

 have been transplanted there by the hand of man and be the last rem- 

 nant, now run wild, of a castle garden long ago destroyed. Such cases 

 of special interest in plants other than those made popular by fashion 

 is seldom found in those rude times. In general the German love for 

 nature had to content itself for long centuries with artless tree and 

 grass gardens, such as the miniatures and wood cuts of the sixteenth 

 century depict as existing under the walls of the city or at the foot of 

 the crays on which some castle was built. As soon as the castles were 



