THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES. 511 



man will seek also for the blacks a genetic explanation. The answer 

 has been furnished by one of the greatest ethnologists, Theodor Waitz/ 

 who, after he had exposed the insufficiency of the accepted fornuilas, 

 came to the conclusion that the differentiation of the blacks from the 

 lighter peoples might be an error. He denied that there had been a 

 primitive black race in Micronesia and Polynesia; in his opinion we 

 have here to do with a single race. The color of the Polynesians may 

 be out and out from natural causes different; indeed, "their entire 

 physical appearance indicates the greatest varialnlity." Herein the 

 whole question of the domain of variation is sprung with imperfect 

 satisfaction on the part of those travelers who give their attention 

 more to transitions than to types. Among these are not a few who 

 have returned from the South Sea with the conviction that all criteria 

 for the diagnosis of men and of races are valueless. 



Anah^tical anthropology has led to other and often unexpected 

 results. It has proved that just that portion of South Sea population 

 which can apparently lay the strongest claim to be considered a 

 homogeneous race must be separated into a collection of subvarieties. 

 Nothing appears more likely than that the Negritos of the Philippines 

 are the nearest relatives to the Melanesians, the Australians, the 

 Papuans; and yet it has been proved that all these are separated one 

 from another by well-marked characters. Whether these characters 

 place the peoples under the head of varieties, or whether, indeed, the 

 black tribes of the South Sea, spite of all differences, are to be traced 

 back to one single primitive stock, that is a question of prehistory 

 for whose answer the material is lacking.^ Were it possible to furnish 

 the proof that the black populations of the South Sea were already 

 settled in their present homes when land bridges existed l)etwe(Mi their 

 territory and Africa, or when the much-sought Lemuria still existed, 

 it would not be worth the trouble to hunt for the missing material. 

 In our present knowledge we can not fill the gaps, so we nuistyet hold 

 the blacks of the Orient to be separate races.' 



The hair furnished the strongest character for diagnosis, in which, 

 not alone that of the head is under consideration; the hair, therefore, 

 occupies the foreground of interest. Its color is of the least imi)()rtance, 

 since all peoples of the South Sea have black hair. It is more the 

 structure and appearance which furnish the observer convenient stai'ting 

 points for the primary classitication. Generally a twofold division 



lAnthropologie der Naturvolker, Vol. V; The South Sea Islanders, Part II; The 

 Micronei^ians and Northwestern Polynesians. Leipzig, 1870, pp. 33-36. Fiusi-h, 

 Verh. d. Berliner Anthrop. Ges., 1882, p. 164. 



''Note.— The reader must consult, on the identity of Negritos with Papuans. A. B. 

 Meyer in Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, Verhandl., Berlin, 1875, p. -17, and the Distri- 

 l)ution of the Negritos, Dresden, 1899, pp. 76-S7.— Tk. 



='()n Lemuria cf. A. R. Wallace, Geog, Distrib. of Animals, 1876, 1, p. '272, and 

 Island Life, 1880, p. 394.— Tk. 



