520 THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES, 



from these peculiarities had taken place. On this point there is entire 

 unanimity. In case of the Negritos there is not the least doubt; of 

 the Indios a doubt may arise, for, in fact, the shades of skin color 

 appear greatly varied, since the brown is at times quite blackish, at 

 times yellowish, almost as varied as is the color of the sunburnt hair. 

 But even then the practiced eye easily detects the descent, and if the 

 skin alone is not sufficient the first glance at the hair completes the 

 diagnosis. The correct explanation of individual or tribal variations 

 is difficult only with the Indios, while no such necessity exists in the 

 case of the Negritos. But among the Indios these individual and 

 tribal variations are so frequent and so outspoken that one is justified 

 in making the inquiry whether there has not developed here a new 

 t3'pe of inherited peculiarities. If this were the case, it must still be 

 held that already the immigrant tribes had possessed them. 



Now, history records that ditt'erent immigrations have actually taken 

 place. Laying aside the latest before the arrival of the Spaniards, 

 that of the Islamites, in the fourteenth and the lif teenth centuries, there 

 remains the older one. If ethnologists and travelers in general come 

 to the conclusion concerning Borneo — and it is to be taken as certain — 

 that the differences now existing among the wild tril)es of this island 

 are very old, it ought not be thought so wonderful if, according to 

 the conditions of the trilx's which have immigrated thence, there 

 should exist on the Philippines near one another dissimilar though 

 related peoples. This difference is not difficult to recognize in man- 

 ners and customs — a side of the discussion which is further on to be 

 treated more fully. AVe begin with physical characteristics. 



Among these the hair occupies the chief place. To be sure, among 

 all the Indios it is black, but it shows not the slightest approach 

 to the frizzled condition which is such a prominent feature in the 

 external appearance of the Negritos and of all the Papuan tribes of 

 the East. This frizzled condition may be called woolly, or in some- 

 what exaggerated refinement in the name ma}' be attriljuted to the 

 term *" wool." all sorts of meanings akin to wool; in every case there 

 is wanting to all the Indios the crinkling of the hair from its exit out 

 of the follicle, wherein' would result wide or narrow spiral tubes and 

 the coarse appearance of the so-called " peppercorn." The hair of all 

 Indios is smooth and straightened out, and when it forms curves they 

 are only feeble, and they make the whole outward appearance wavy 

 or, at most, curled. 



But within this wavy or curled condition of the hair there are again 

 differences. In my former communication I have attended to exami- 

 nations which I made upon a large number of islands in the Malay 

 Sea, and in which it was shown that a certain area exists which begins 

 with the Moluccas and extends to the Sunda group, in which the hair 



