GENERAL REMARKS. 203 



much used until Peter the Hermit excited the Christian 

 nations to the Crusade, about 1090. Dominique, a Romish 

 saint, est.iblislied, in 1207, tlie brotherliood of the Rosary, 

 and the festival of the Rose was instituted in 1571 by 

 Pope Pius v., in thanksgiving for the victory gained by 

 the Christians over the Turks at Lepante. Subsequent 

 popes gave to that ceremony more eclat, and caused it to 

 be established in Spain. The name of rosary was former- 

 ly also given to the vessel used in distilling rose-water. 

 The Rose has also given the idea of new forms of beauty 

 in architecture and the arts. A rose is sometimes sculp- 

 tured in the centre of each face of a Corinthian capital. 

 It is also frequently seen in iron castings for the banisters 

 of the stone steps of a house, and it is sometimes display- 

 ed upon the pavement in front of some splendid mansion. 

 This, liowever, is rare in the United States, although fre- 

 quent in Europe. 



Among all the imitations of the Rose, none can compare 

 M'ith those painted on glass, some of which can be found 

 in the windows of celebrated European Cathedrals in 

 Canterbury, Cologne, Milan, Rheims, St. Denis, and oth- 

 ers. We can scarcely imagine anything more beautifully 

 soft than these paintings on glass, as seen from the interi- 

 or of a church, in the rich light of a glowing sunset ; the 

 Rose thus painted seems to possess all the freshness and 

 beauty of the real flower. 



The nave of the Cathedral of Paris, besides twenty-four 

 large windows, is lighted by three others, large and mag- 

 nificent, in the shape of a Rose, which are eacli forty feet 

 in diameter. The paintings on glass which ornament 

 these windows were executed in the 13th century, and 

 still retain their fresh and bright colors : that over the 

 grand entrance represents the signs of the zodiac, and the 

 agricultural labors of each month. 



In heraldry, the rose frequently forms ])art of a shield, 

 in full bloom, with a bud in the centre, and with five 



