372 PEAR GROWING IN CALIFORNIA. 



EgpTs are laid by the female moths" shortly 

 after mating, on the upper surface of the leaves 

 surrounding a pear or cluster of pears, or on the 

 skin of the pears themselves. They are deposited 

 singly. Most of the larvoa upon emergence from 

 the eggs enter the fruit by way of the calyx and 

 feed Avithin until full grown, when they emerge 

 for pupation. Thus the life cycle of the first brood 

 is completed, and a second develops in a similar 

 way. In some states, and possibly in some parts 

 of California, there is at least a partial third brood 

 Fig. 165. Codling during the season. The time occupied by the 

 moti arva in pear, (^jffercnt stages in their development varies with 



locality and season.* In this general discussion it does not seem best to 



go into details regarding the pest's life history. 



Control. 



The entrance of the newly-hatched larvge by way of the cal^^x or 

 blossom end of the pear has made control by means of poison sprays 

 directed into the calyx cavities exceedingly effective. From one to 

 three applications are necessary for the complete control of the pest. 

 Arsenate of lead in paste form at the strength of 3 to 4 pounds to 100 

 gallons of water, or in powder form 1| to 2 pounds to 100 gallons of 

 water are sufficient. If scab is also present this spray is combined for 

 convenience with a fungicide, as recommended for the control of this 

 disease, but in the absence of scab or other fungoiLS diseases only the 

 arsenate of lead is necessary. There are other arsenicals, e. g., Paris 

 green and arsenite of zinc, that may be used instead of arsenate of lead, 

 but the latter is now considered standard. 



Application. 



The first application for codling moth should be made when the petals 

 have dropped. A delay of a few days will not materially interfere with 

 codling moth control, as the pear does not close its calyces quickly; in 

 fact, many varieties do not close at all. The Bartlett in most cases has 

 an open calyx into which the spray may be directed any time during 

 the season. Spraying should not be neglected until hatching of the 

 codling moth eggs has begun and for fear that it might be too late for 

 the earliest worms the safest rule is to make the first application as soon 

 a.s the petals have fallen. A second spray should follow in about three 

 weeks' time and a third in two weeks from the second. Spraying in 

 each case mu.st be done with the greatest of care. The first spray 

 should result in practically every calyx cup receiving a supply of the 

 poison. The later applications are designed to cover the small fruit 

 with the poison also, so that the small percentage of worms entering the 

 side may be killed. 



*S. W. Foster, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in Bulletin No. 97, Part II of 

 the Bureau of Entomology, states that "the codling moth in California presents 

 certam differences in its life history as compared with what is true of the East, 

 principally a lengthening of the respective stages due to a lower mean temperature 

 during their period of development, especially in the first generation " Mr Foster's 

 records were made in Contra Costa County, where he worked with the codling moth 

 in pear orchards. 



154 



