166 BIRDS OF ILLINOIS. 



the base and end of the bill : tarsus longer than the eulmen: tail rather Ions (about half the 

 wing), of sixteen feathers. Colors, pied white and black in the male, brown and white in 

 the female. 



Aiiult males have the head and upper neck blaek. glossed with green, blue, or Tiolet. 

 and relieved by a white patch between bill and eye: upper parts pied black and white, 

 lower parts entirely white, the flanks streaked with blaek. Femalos with head and upper 

 neck brown, chest and part of upper surface grayish, collar round neck and most of lower 

 parts white; wing dusky, with white on wing-coverts and secondaries. Young males 

 similar to adult females, but white loral spot of adult more or less distinctly indicated, and 

 gray of chest Inss extensive (sometimes quite obsolete). Malex in pnst-nitplial plumage 

 are .similar to young male, but wing-coverts more continuously white. 



Two species are known, both of which occur in North America, 

 thouti'h one of tliem is hei-e represented by a race or sub-species 

 distinguished from the Old World typical form by its large size. 



The two species may be distinguished as follows : 



1. G. clangula amerioana. Height of upper mandible at base, measured from extremity 

 of frontal angli? to nearest point on cutting edge, less than distance from anterior 

 point of loral feathering to anterior end of nostril; and usually little if any greater 

 than distance from the latter point to tip of upper mandible. 



2. G. islandica. Height of upper mandible at base, measured from extremity of fronTal 

 angle to ni'arest point on cutting edge, equal to distance from anterior point of loral 

 feathering to anterior end of nostril, and much greater than distance from the latter 

 point to tip of upper mandible. 



Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonap.) 



AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. 



Popular synonyms. Whistler; Whistle-wing: Groat Head: Brass-eye: Merry-wing; Cob- 

 head or Cub-head; Iron-head._ 

 Anas clangula WlLS. Am. Orn. viii. 1814, C2, pi, 67, lig. .",. (Xer Unn.) 

 Fuligula ehmgula Bonap. Synop. 1828, 393.-NnTT. Man. ii, 183t, 4-11.— Aur>. Orn. Biog. iv, 



18:J8, 318, pi. 342; Synop. 183'.). 2!>2; B. Am. vi, 1813. 3C2, pi. 406 (includes i.s/(iH(fir<i). 

 hucephala clangula CouES. Key. 1872, 2'.ili; Check List. 1873, No. .".05; B. N. W. 1874. 576.— 

 Hensh. Zool. Wheeler's Exp. 1875. 480. 

 Clangula glaucium CouEs, Check List. 2d ed. 18S2. No, 725. 

 Clangula vulgaris Sw. & Rich. F. B.-A. ii, 1831, 456. 

 Clangula americana Bonap. Comp. List. 1838, 58. 

 Bucephala americana Baikd. B. N. Am. 1858, 796; Cat. N. Am. B. 18.".:i, No. S'Xi. 

 Clangula glaucium americana RiDinv. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 18,so, 2ii|; Nom. N. Am. 



B. 1881. No. 620.-B. B. & K. Water B. N. Am. ii. 1884. 44. 

 Bucephala clangula b. americana Ridgw. Orn. 40th Par. 1877, C26. 

 Glancionelta clangula americana Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii, 1885. 409.— A. O. U. 



Cheek List, 1886, No. 151.— Einow. Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 10.5. 

 Hab. The whole of North America, brooding from Maine and the British Provinces 

 northward; south to Cuba in winter. 



Sp. t'HAK. Adult male: Head and upper halt of neck black, glossed with dark green. 

 varying to violet; a roundish white spot between the rictus and the eye, but not reaching to 

 the latter; back, inner scapulars, tertials. rump, and upper tail-coverts, deep black ; lower 

 half of the ueek (all round), lower parts, outer scapulars, posterior lesser, middle, and greater 



