LAKID.fi— THE (ilLLS AND TKRN'H. 221 



Only two species of liis.tn are known, botli of which belong to 

 the North American fauna. Thev may readily be distinfi-uishod 

 by tlie followinji' characters: 



1. B. tridactyla. Legs and fo' t black; wine, about 12.25 inches; culmon. 1.40-1.50; 



depth of bill at base. ..'.9: tarsus, 1.30; middle toe with claw, ISO. 



2. K, brevirostris. Lees and feet deep coral- or vermilion-red (dryine jellowlsln: 



wing, about 13.00 inches: cidmen. 1.20; depth of bill through base, 50; tarsus, 1.25; 

 middle toe with claw, noarlsr 2.00. Hab. North Pacillc. particularly the Americiin 

 side. 



Rissa tridactyla (Linn.) 



Popular STnonyms, Kittiwake Gull: Tarrock (England, name for young); Winter Gull, 

 Pinyole, or Pinny Owl (Newfoundland Banks). 



Lams tri'laclul'is LiNN. S. N. ed. 10. i. 1758, 13G: cd. 12. i. 1766, 224.— 8w. & Rich. F. B.-A. ii. 1831, 

 42:5.— XuTT. Man. ii, IS.'SJ, 298— AuD, Orn. Biog. iii, 183.^ 1*;. pi. 221; Synop. 1839, 

 336; B. .\m. vii, 1811, 116 pi. 444.— CouES, Key, 1872. 311; Check List. 1873. No. 5,52, 

 Kissa tridactula BoNAP. Conip. List, 1838, 62— Lawb. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 854. 

 — Baird, Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 672.— Saunders, P, Z. 8. 1878, ua (synonymy, et ■.). 

 — BlDow. Nom. N. Am. B. 1881. No. 658; M,in. N. Am. B. 1887, 25.— CoUES. 2d Check 

 List. 1882. No. 782.— A, O, U. Check List, 1886. No. 40. 

 liissa tridactyla, a. tridactyla B. B. & K. Water B. N. Am, ii, 1884, 202. 

 Lams iRissa) Iri'lactylns CoUES, B. N. W. 1874. 644. 



L&rus rissa BbOnn. Orn. Bor. 1764. 42— Linn. S. N, ed, 12, i, 1766. 224. 



Larus albus Mulleb, Niitursyst. 1770, 108 (based BulTon's Moiiette cendree tachettce). 



Larus cineratius Fabr. Fauna Gra;nl. 1780. 101 (not of Linn. 1766.- Winter plum ige). 



Larus navius Schaff. Mus. Orn. 1789, 64 (not of Linn,). 



Larus torqualvs Pall. Zoog. liosso-As. ii, 1826, 328. 



Larus canus Pall. 1, c. 830 (not of Linn.). 



Larus gavia Pall. I, c. 329. 



Larus riga Gmel. S. N. i, pt. ii, 1788, 59J (misprint). 



Jiiisa hrunnichii Leacb, Stephen's Gen, ZoOl, Jclll. pt. i. 1826. 181, pi. 21. 



Rissa cinerea ElTON, Cat. Br. B. 1836. 52. 



Laroides minor Brehm. V6g. Deutschl. 1831. 756. 



liissa b' realis Bbehm, Naum, 1855, 294 (not Larus borealia Bbuch;, 



Uisaa gregaria Bbeem. 1. c. 



Hab. Circumpolar regions In Summer, coming south in winter to the Middle States 

 and Great Lakes. 



Sp. Cbab, AdulC ill summer: Mantle deep pearl-gray labout the same shade a.s Laru.i 

 hrachyrhynchus and L. cali/omicust, the secondaries pa.<<siDg into while terminally. Pri- 

 maries paler pearl-gray, the llvo outer quills with their terminal portion black, this color 

 extending for about 3.25 Inches on the outer and .75 of an inch, more or loss, on the flflh, and 

 of intermediate extent on those betwo-n; outer web of the exterior (luill almost wholly 

 black; inner quills pale pearl-blue, scarcely paler terminally, the sixth sometimes marked 

 with a black spot near the end of the outer web; nflh quill tipped with white, and fourth 

 with a minute apical spot (when not worn off). Best of the plumage snow-white. Bill pale 

 yellow, sometimes tingeil with greenish; Inside of mouth vermlllon-red; eyelids red; iris 

 hrown; legs and feet black or du.-ky brown. Adult in teinter: Similar, but nape and ocid- 

 put washed with the color of the back, the auricular region, and Immediately in front of the 

 eye, with a dark plumbeous snfTusion, sometimes extending across the occiput. Young, 



