224 BIRDS OF ILLINOIS. 



Larus glaucus Briinn. 



GLAUCOUS GULL. 

 Popular synonyms. Burgomaster; White Gull; Hutohins's Gull. 

 Larus o'ancus Bkunn. Orn. Bor. 1764. 44.— Fabr. Faun. Groenl. 1780, 100.— Gmel. S. N. i.pt. ii. 



178S. 600.— NUTT. Man. ii, 18S4, 306.— AuD. Orn. Biog. v, 1839, 59, pi. 396; Synop. 



1839, 329; B. Am. vii, ISH, 170, pi. 449.— L iWR. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858. 842.— Bated. 



Cat, N. Am. B. 1859, No. 6.56.— CouEs, Key, 1872. 311; Cheek List. 1873, No. 543; 2d ed. 



1882, No. 768; B. N. W. 1874, 620.— Saunders. P. Z. S. 1878, 165.— Kidgw. Nom. N. Am. 



B. 1881, No. 660; Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 2«,-B. B. & R. Water B. N. Am. ii. 1881. 211,— A. 



0. U. Check List, 1886. No. 42. 

 Larus hyperhoreus Gunn. in Leem's Lapp. Beskr. 1767. 283.— Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 



V, 1882, 39. 

 Larus glacialis "Benicke," MacgilIj. Mom. Wern. Soc. v. pt. i. 1S24, 270, 

 Larus uiganteus "Temm." Benicke, Ann. Watterau. Gesellseh. iii, 1814. 140. 

 "Larus consul Boie, Wiedemann, Zool. Mae. i, 126" (Saunders), 

 Larus leuceretes Schleep. N. Ann. Wetterau. Gesellseh. i. 1819, 314. 

 Larus islandicus Edmondst. Mem. Wern. iv, 1822. 185 (nee Edmonst. op. cit. p. 506 = L, 



leucopterus). 

 Larus hntchinsil Rich. F. B.-A. ii, 1831. 419 (note).— CoUES, Proe. Aeail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862. 



294.— Elliot. Illustr. Am. B. ii, 1869. pi. 53. 

 Hab. Ciroumpolar region.?, south in winter to Long Island, the Great Lakes, and (acci- 

 dentally) Texas. 



Sp. Char. Adult in summer: Manlle very pale pearl-blue; primaries still palor 

 pearl-blue, or bluish white, fading gradually into white at ends, their shafts yellowish 

 white or pale straw-color. "Iris golden yellow; eyelids orange-yellow; bill lemon-yel- 

 low, greenish toward tip, crimson spot on lower mandible; tarsi and toes Uesh-eolor 

 (L. KUMLIEN. MS.*). Adult in winter: Similar to the summer plumage', but head and 

 neck streaked with pale brownish gray. "The bill is wine- yellow, the lower mandible with 

 an orpiment patch near the end; th." edges of the eyelids pale yellow; the feet ttesh-col- 

 ored, the claws bluish black" (Macgillivray). i'onng, first plumage: A«hy white, more 

 iir less tinged with pale brownish ash below, the upper parts more or less mottled trans- 

 versely with the same ; head and neck faintly streaked with the same. Terminal third of 

 bill dusky, basal portion liesh-color; "iris yellowish brown" (Kumlien. MS.t). Young, in 

 second winter: Wholly pure white, the bdl and feet colored as above. Downti young 

 (So. 76,217, Kinjuah Fiord, Cumberland Gulf, June 24, 1878: L. Kumlien): Grayish white, 

 paler below; head and neck irregularly marked with scattered lai-ge spots of dusky; back, 

 wings, and rump irregularly clouded with dark grayish. Bill brownish, crossed by a broad 

 dusky band; feet light brown. 



Total length 26.00 to 32.110 inches; extent. 57.00 to 65.00; wing, 16.75-18.70 (average 17.93); 

 eiilmen. 2.3U-2.70 (2.52); depth of bill through angle. .8M.00 (.88); tarsus, 2.60-3.05 (2.!>S); mid- 

 <\W toe. with chiw, 2.(iS-3.0ii (2.81). 



* According to Audubon, the adult male has the bill. etc.. colored as follows: "Bill 

 gamboge-yellow, with a carmine patch toward the end of the lower mandible, and the 

 edges of bcth mandibles at the base of the same color. Edges of eyelids red. iris yellow. 

 Feet (lesh-colored. claws yellowish." The young are described as having the bill yellow to 

 beyond the nostrils, the end black; the feet (lesh-colorod, with dusky claws; and the iris 

 brown. 



t Macgillivray Cllisl. Urit. II." V.563..564) describes the fresh colors of the bill. etc.. in the 

 young as follows: "Young: The bill is horn-color, or pule yellowish gray; the upper 

 mandible brownish black beyond the nostrils; the lower beyond the angle. The feet are 

 Ilesh-color; the claws lighti.sh brown. Young, in third trinter: The bill is yellowish flcsh- 

 color, with only a dusky spot on each mandible toward the end; iris dull gray; the edges u( 

 the eyelids yellow; the feet flesh-color; the claws light grayish black." 



