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Hazen, which lies inland in the centre of the northernmost 

 part of Ellesmere Land, in a district rich in musk-ox. At this 

 lake, namely, the remains of Eskimos winter-houses were found, 

 a most astonishing find, which showed, that an Eskimo tribe 

 must have lived here in Ihe extreme north; not only this, but 

 also that they must have lived inland during the winter, whereas 

 the rule is that the Eskimos must remain on the sea-coast, in 

 order to obtain subsistence by seal-hunting on the ice. These 

 important discoveries regarding the earlier places of settlement 

 and lines of migration of the Eskimos over the most northerly 

 Polar islands, especially on the west coast of Ellesmere Land 

 and North Devon, were continued by the Norwegian Expedition 

 of 1898—1902 under the leadership of 0. Sverdrup. 



In 1891 Robert Peary began his long series of expeditions 

 and lengthy sojourns among the Polar Eskimos. In this way 

 the culture of the Polar Eskimos was once again enriched, 

 which has contributed undeniably to lighten their struggle for 

 existence. Thus, in exchange for fox and bear skins they ob- 

 tain weapons of the finest and best American manufacture, and 

 Peary by his frequent expeditions could keep them fairly regu- 

 larly provided with ammunition. They had never had much 

 advantage out of the few weapons, they had previously been 

 able to acquire in exchange from the whalers, as it was only 

 very occasionally that they could procure powder and shot. 



Peary's first expedition passed the winter of 1891 — 92 at 

 Mc Cormick Bay and the second of 1893—95 at Bowdoin Bay, 

 which lies a little more to the east on the north side of Ingle- 

 field Gulf. The expeditions of 1896 and 1897 were only summer 

 voyages, to fetch the large blocks of iron, which Ross had 

 heard about as occurring in the neighbourhood of Cape York. 

 On his fifth expedition in 1898—1902 Peary began to make 

 his way right up to the northern end of the Smith Sound 

 Passage with his ship, and at the same time he began to fol- 

 low the example of the American whalers in Hudson Bay, 



