III. 



Ihe state of culture of a tribe can express its primitive- 

 ness and lack of development mainly in two ways. There is 

 in the first place the division of labour; the more undeveloped, 

 the less the division. Every individual of a tribe in the state 

 of low culture does the same kind of work as every other. 

 The most primitive condition of all is, that the individual seeks 

 his food alone for himself without cooperation with others and 

 without giving others help; it is Ihe individualistic mode of 

 life, which however one scarcely finds realised in all its purity 

 in any single case. The second direction in which primitive- 

 ness can display itself in a decisive manner is in the lack of 

 special apparatus and the lack of acquired, skilled methods in 

 obtaining a livelihood. 



The expression "collectors" has been employed to denote 

 those tribes, which stand in the lowest stage of development 

 both as regards the individualism as also in the other direction 

 mentioned. At the present day true "collectors" hardly exist, 

 as the industrial culture of all known tribes is based on spe- 

 cial acquirements or trained methods in using special apparatus. 

 This applies especially to the male sex, whereas the direct 

 participation of the female sex in obtaining the means of 

 sustenance consists as a rule merely in the collecting of every- 

 thing possible that might be eatable, as fruits, roots, eggs, 

 larvae etc., thus, things which can all be obtained without the 

 use of other apparatus than a pointed stick for digging up 

 roots. We might say, therefore, that among the hunting 



