50 J. V. HULTKRANTZ 



examination. The cliances of error are in sucli a case, if not altogetlier 

 excluded, at least considerably lessened, and besides the relative mea- 

 surements, one can then deal with the absolute dimensions. The death- 

 masks also constituted the most valuable testimony both when Kant's 

 skull was in 1880 identified by Kupfer & Bessel Hagen ic, and in the 

 investigations of Haydn's skull' by Tandlee published in 1909. 33 

 It was likewise a death-mask, which, on account of its faulty agree- 

 ment with a cranium, supposed to have beeu Schiller's, caused Welcker 

 34 & 36 to declare that this cranium was not genuine. 



A good sculpture is also an especially valuable comparative 

 material in an identification, since such a likeness of course allows of 

 a much more perfect investigation of the different proportions tiian the 

 one which can be made on the basis of plane representations, espe- 

 cially if these are not both in profile and en face. 



We possess unfortunately neither a death-mask of Emanuel Swe- 

 denborg, nor any sculpture which was made during his life. The busts 

 and medallions which exist have all been made long after his death 

 and only on the basis of existing portraits, and as, unhappily, no pro- 

 file portrait or silhouette of Swedenborg is known, the sculptural works 

 must, as to certain details, be regarded as purely products of the ima- 

 gination, possessing not the least value as testimony beyond what is 

 furnished by the en face portraits. 



Numerous oil portraits and engravings of Swedenborg exist, but 

 I believe that only seven of them can be regarded on more or less 

 good grounds as possibly having descended from his times, and thus as 

 being based upon direct observations. Three of these portraits are 

 well known before, namely, Bernigroth's engraving in Swedenborg's 



* Quite peculiarly, in both the cases mentioned, there existed on the cranium, as well 

 as on the death-mask, a characteristic asymmetry of the nose, which served as further prool 

 of the genuineness of the cranium. 



In Tandler's paper the adventures through which Haydn's skull had passed are also 

 narrated. These resemble so much the history of Swedenborg's cranium that I cannot re- 

 frain from briefly mentioning the chief features. — A few days after Haydn's burial in 1809, 

 his grave was opened by some persons with phrenological interests, who cut off the head, 

 which was then skeletonized and incorporated in a private collection. When Haydn's coffin 

 was in 1820 transported from Vienna to Eichstadt, it was discovered that the head was 

 missing. The police officials succeeded in tracking down the culprits, who, hard pressed, turn- 

 ed over a false cranium, which was deposited in Haydn's coffin. The possessors of the 

 original cranium willed il at their death to the Musical Conservatory in Vienna, where, after 

 still more lambles, it was placed in the year 1895 and where it is still preserved. 



