62 J. V. HULTKRANTZ 



Rather extensive investigations have been made on this subject by 

 Welckek 34, His 12, and Kollmann 14, on in all more than 100 bodies 

 of adult individuals, chiefly of the male sex. I have myself undertaken 

 similar measurements on a number of corpses, partly to test the correct- 

 ness of the statements, partly because I wished, for the gaining of 

 further certainty in my reconstruction, to secure a greater number of 

 fixed points than what were used by the above-mentioned authors. 

 Since it has been shown that sex and age, as well as wasting dis- 

 eases, exercise a considerable influence upon the thickness of the soft 

 parts, and this in varying degree on different parts of the face, I con- 

 sidered it to be most exact to use only measurements derived from older 

 men enjoying rather ordinary nutrition. The figures given on Tab. IV., 

 which I employed in my reconstruction, thus represent for the most 

 part the average values calculated from the individual measurements 

 of His and Kollmann of 15 corpses from 55 to 78 years of age and 

 of the male sex. 



It is quite evident, and is also proved by the original figures, 

 that those parts of the head where the bony frame is covered only 

 by the skin and a thin layer of connective tissue or muscles, show 

 the least individual differences. This is the case in regard to the fore- 

 head, the ridge of the nose, the edges around the eye-sockets and the 

 zygomatic arches, in which places the greatest deviations from the 

 average in either positive or negative direction generally amount to 

 only 1 or 2 mm. (in exceptional cases to 2.3 or 2.5 mm.). The angle 

 between the septum of the nose and the upper lip, as wefl as the 

 point of the chin, also have a very constant position in relation to the 

 underlying bone; this seems also to be true of the position of the wings 

 of the nose, and, although in a somewhat lesser degree, of the lower 

 border of the inferior maxilla. In contradistinction to this, the pro- 

 portions of that part of the nose supported by cartilage, and of the 

 lips and cheeks, are very variable. The soft parts in front of the eye- 

 balls likewise show relatively great variations. A reconstruction on 

 the basis of the average numbers referred to above must thus be more 

 accurate in respect to the first-named parts of the face than in the case 

 of the last-mentioned, where the sources of error are much greater. 



In order to be sure, at every stage of the work's progress, 

 that all the demands, ^^•hieh might be made from an anatomical point 

 of view, were fully taken into consideration, I preferred to do all of 

 the reconstructing entirely with my own hand, instead of relying on 



