The marine Carboniferous of North-east Greenl. and its Brachiopod Fauna. 593 



In Russia, the Carboniferous is of immense extent, and occurs 

 in three large districts; a western — to which belongs the so-called 

 Moscow-basin — an eastern and northern, along the western slopes 

 of the Ural mountains and on the shores of the Arctic Ocean in 

 the Timan tundra, and a southern, which includes the coal-fields of 

 Donetz. In Russia, the series of strata chiefly consists of marine 

 deposits among which Fusulina limestones are specially prominent, 

 and the formations of terrestrial facies which are found here, occur 

 chiefly in the Lower Carboniferous and in the lowest part of the 

 Upper Carboniferous. The marine formations of the Lower Carbon- 

 iferous have as a zone fossil, among others, Productus gigantens. 



The marine Upper Carboniferous group has, in its lower part, 

 beds with Spirifer mosquensis, which are found specially well devel- 

 oped in the limestone-quarries at Miatschkowa, near Moscow. Fusulina 

 cylindrica, too, occurs here. 



The middle part of the Russian Upper Carboniferous is called 

 the Omphalotrochus-horizon, and is sometimes divided into two sub- 

 divisions; a lower distinguished by Spirifer Marconi Waag., and an 

 upper, with Omphaloirochus Whitneyi Meek. This upper part embraces 

 the beds distinguished by Nikitin as the Gshel stage, while other 

 geologists term it the beds with Spirifer supramosquensis. 



In the upper part of the Upper Carboniferous, we have, lowest 

 down, the horizon with Productus Cora, the Cora horizon, and, above, 

 the Schwagerina-horizon — the uppermost level in the Carboniferous 

 of Russia, and which, especially in the Volga district and in north- 

 ern Russia, is of great extent and contains a rich brachiopod fauna. 



Then comes the Arta stage, which belongs to the Permo-Car- 

 boniferous, and, above this, the Permian. 



In the eastern Alps (the Carnian and Carinthian Alps) there 

 also occur marine Upper Carboniferous deposits with a rich brachi- 

 opod fauna, which, in the main, corresponds to the Cora horizon 

 of Russia, and, to some slight degree, to the Schwagerina horizon. 

 From the principal locality, these formations are termed the Auer- 

 nigg beds. They are covered by Fusulina limestone belonging to 

 the oldest Permian deposits, the so-called Trogkofel beds. 



In Asia, marine Upper Carboniferous and Permian strata are 

 discovered in many places, in Asia Minor, the East Indies, Timor, 

 Indo-China, Junnan, and in many places in China and Central Asia. 

 Special mention should here be made of the Productus limestone 

 in the Salt Range of India (the northern Punjab) for its rich fauna, 

 which has, too, some forms in common with our North-east Green- 

 land Carboniferous deposits. From Waagen's great monograph we 

 have a fairly close acquaintance with the fauna of the Productus 



