596 PEOCEEDIA'GS OF SECTION I. 



10. Losener, Arb. a.d.K.Ges., Bd. XI., quoted by Konradi loc. cit. 



11. Kubler and Neufeld, Zeit f. Hyg., XXXI., 1898, quoted by 



Konradi, loc. cit. 



12. Hankin, Cent, fur Bakt., Abt. 1, XXVII., 544, 1899. 



13. Fischer and Flatau, Cent, f. Bakt., Abt. 1, XXIX., 1901, 



quoted by Konradi. 



14. Tavel, Cent. f. Bakt., Bd. 33, p. 166, 1903. 



15. Konradi, Cent. f. Bakt., 1904. 



16. Jaksch and Rau, Cent, f. Bakt., Bd. 36, p. 584, 1904. 



17. Snolsener, Cent. f. Bakt., Bd. 38, 1904. 



3. SOME DESIDERATA IN AUSTRALIAN HYGIENE. 



By J. W. Springthorpe, M.A., M.J)., Lecturer on Hygiene in the 

 University of Melhourne. 



To my mind, the more important desiderata in Australian 

 hygiene may be summarized as follows : — 



1. The need of a true concejjtion of what Health and Disease 

 really are. — The individual should be educated to know the de- 

 pendence of both health and disease upon law — physical, vital, and 

 psychical, the immutability and universality of these laws, the 

 place of inheritance, development, evolution, and environment in 

 sanitary conditions, and his duty in these respects to himself, 

 primarily, and also to the State of which he forms part, and which 

 necessarily reacts upon his own individuality. This means a place 

 for Hygiene in the educational curriculum, allied to that claimed 

 for it by Herbert Spencer, but still far beyond that allotted to it 

 under present conditions. 



2. The best Practical Application of this true conception by 

 the different Sanitary Authorities, Municipal Councillors, Legis' 

 lators, etc. — This can be possible only when the individuals are per- 

 sonally convinced of the vital importance of these considerations 

 to the public health. Only then can we expect suitable and suffi- 

 cient action in regard to such questions as children's play-grounds, 

 public parks, garden cities, proper housing, prevention of infection, 

 overcrowding, disposal of refuse, &c. 



3. Efficient Sanitary Service. — This can be only when medical 

 officers of health are full time officers, with Public Health Diplomas, 

 when inspectors are trained, certificated, and sufficient, and when 



