SIXTY YEARS OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY. 679 
the missionary travels of Dr. David Livingstone in the fifties that 
any real interest was evinced in the continent asa whole. Asa 
pioneer of African discovery, Livingstone may be looked upon as 
the initiator of the modern period, “and in his methods of work 
and his treatment of natives he remains a model for all time. 
His discovery of Lake Nyassa in 1859, Burton’s discovery of 
Tanganyika in 1858, Speke’s of the Victorian Nyanza in 1862, 
threw open the great Lake region of East Africa along its whole 
length ; and the main lines of the geography of the eastern strip 
of Africa, under the rule of the Sultan of Zanzibar, were quickly 
laid down by an increasing number of explorers. 
The sources of the Nile have exercised a fascination for 
travellers in Africa like that of the search for the North-west 
Passage or the North Pole for Arctic voyagers. 
Livingstone with the assistance of the faithful Makololo tribe 
started in 1854, from Luanda, on his memorable journey across 
Africa down the Zambezi. The wonderful falls of that river, 
more splendid even than Niagara, received from Livingstone the 
name of Our Queen. In his second journey, accompanied by Sir 
John Kirk, he ascended the Shiré River, discovered Lake Nyassa 
and the highlands , attaining a height of 6,000 feet. The wishes 
of the discoverers were amply fulfilled in the subsequent history 
of Nyassa Land where there is now a flourishing colony with 
steamers on its rivers and lakes, an increasing trade in ivory 
and coffee, law and order fully established under the able 
administration of Sir Harry Johnstone, and every prospect of 
increasing prosperity in the future. 
Livingstone and Sir John Kirk traced the great river Lualaba 
which flowed northward, west of Lake Tanganyika to its source 
in Lake Bangweolo, when death overtook Livingstone in 1873. 
Believing this great river was the Nile he could not yet resist the 
suspicion that it might after all turn out to be the Congo. This 
supposition was turned into certainty by Mr. H. M. Starley’s 
magnificent journey in 1877. When he traced the Lualaba round 
its great Equatorial bend, and opened up the vast waterway from 
Stanley Falls to Stanley Pool on his way to the sea. 
Yerney Lovat Cameron who went out to search for Livingstone 
in 1872, made a remarkable journey in the interests of geographi- 
cal discovery, after he had ascertained without doubt, the great 
explorer and missionary was no more. He was the first European 
traveller who walked across the African Continent from east to. 
west, a journey occupying 3 years and 5 months—but no journey 
i Africa has been so fateful as that of Stanley, down the Congo, 
it led to the foundation of the Congo Free State and the opening 
up of the whole great river to steamer trattic, affording a base from 
which the northern and southern tributaries could be explored to 
their sources. 
