826 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION F. 
we have in Malay inya and iya (Samoan ia), and diya ; Tagala, 
siya; Malagasy, zy (for zini, as the suftixed pronoun x? also 
proves) ; Malekula hini. To denote the plural exclusively we 
have by the means already explained Tagala, si/a; Malagasy, 
zare-o ; Malekula, hiniri. 
It should be observed that as the m in akam, kamu, ye, is the 
m of the Semitic plural ending, so the n of hint, inya, is the same 
ending changed to n as it was from the earliest times in the 
Semitic languages, both in the pronouns and masculine plural 
nouns. The Oceanic mother tongue, therefore, had this plural as 
well as the feminine plural ending seen above in the word mata, 
the eyes. In modern Oceanic as in the nouns, so in the pronouns 
of the second and third persons, the distinction of gender has 
been dropped as in the same (plural) pronouns in modern Syriac. 
We. 
Hebrew, a@nah’nuw, the pronoun of the first person singular re- 
duplicated—hiterally, I + I = we. This is the nearest extract 
form of the word to that of the Semitic mother-tongue ; and 
even in Hebrew we have for it the more contracted form anu. 
In the Oceanic Janguages it is the first part of the first person 
plural exclusive and inclusive, the second part being the pronoun 
third plural in the exclusive, and that of the second singular in 
the inclusive ; thus Efate, kina-mi, or kini-mi, we + they = we 
exclusive of thou, and kini-ta, or kin-ta, we + thou = we 
inclusive of thou ; Malay, ka-mi, ki-ta,; Malagasy, zaha-y, and si-ka 
(for zi-ka). That zaha is for zahna, the suffixed pronoun na 
in na-y proves, and zahna exactly corresponds letter for letter 
to the modern Arabic wh’na, we. 
GRAMMAR OF THE PRONOUNS. 
The abbreviated suffixed and prefixed pronouns belong to gram- 
mar, and for the sake of brevity it may suffice to point out here, 
as showing the grammatical correspondence, that suftixed to verbs 
they express the nominative, as Ethiopic ku, Malay kw Malagasy 
ho, 1; Ethiopic kemu, Malay kamu, you, suffixed to nouns they 
express the genitive, as Ethiopic kemmu, Malay kamu, your, or of 
you. This is really the Semitic “ construct state,” expressing the 
genitive, seen not only in the suffixing of the pronoun to a noun, 
but also in the placing of one noun immediately after another in 
this genitive construction. It is exactly so in the Oceanic, both 
with pronouns and nouns. In the Semitic languages very abbrev- 
iated forms of the pronouns were used prefixed to the verb to 
denote the nominative ; thus in all of them the pronoun of the first 
person singular was shortened to a, which in Efate is also a, not 
however prefixed to, but before, the verb, though never used 
except with the verb, and therefore called the verbal pronoun. 
