828 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION F. 
occurs as an adjective ending in Efate, as rana branchy, branching, 
from ra a branch ; and the Efate adjective ending a, as kod rooty, 
from ako root, seems to be this na or ana by the elision of the 
same ». If so, the Polynesian a differs from ia only in not having 
the i—that is, ia or ina is a combination of the two endings 7 (the 
Semitic adjective ending 7, and this other Semitic adjective ending 
ma or ana). The Polynesian a is certainly an adjective ending, as 
it forms adjectives from nouns—thus Samoan, e/ee’ea dirty, from 
eleelea dirt ; and the Oceanic ina is no less certainly an adjective 
ending as it does the same, Malagasy ozatra a muscle, ozatina 
muscular, somatra beard, somorina. 
Compare Samoan mala, a calamity, ma/aia unfortunate, bearded. 
Thus the “passive participles” in Malagasy in ina, and in 
Polynesian in ina, ia, and a are verbal adjectives formed from the 
verb by these adjective endings. 
Corresponding to the verbal noun takutan, atahorana, is Efate 
matakuana or matakudn (for matakutan) ; and in all. cases, in 
Samoan this verbal noun formative is anga (Hawaiian ana.) It 
remains now to point out the changes the ¢, seen in takiyat, has 
undergone in different words or with different combinations of 
letters. As it is the same ending ¢ seen above in the numerals, so 
it has undergone the same changes as those we have ascertained 
there. It commonly occurs in Malagasy ér (as in tahotra), k,n; 
and as has already been mentioned as a commonplace of Mala- 
gasy grammar, when ana, and ina are suffixed to it (as in atehorana, 
atahorina), tr appears as ¢, 7, or f; n as or or m; and & as h or f. 
It appears also as s, and these variations of this ending ¢ are 
found generally in Oceanic, as the following comparative table will 
show :— 
; Polynesian ae 
Malagasy. (Samoan). Malay. Efate. 
Verbal noun— __—ttana tanga tan 
Verbal adjective—tina tia 
Ra rana langa ran 
a rina lia 
5 fana fanga pan 
2 fina fia 
% nana nan 
35 nina 
#5 mana maga man 
= mina mia 
5 hana ‘anga han 
re hina 
He sana sanga san 
aH sina, sia 
oy ana anga an an, ana. 
Thus, Malagasy, taratra ; Samoan, tilo ; Maori, tivo, to spy, 
look at ; we have Malagasy, tarafana, tarafina ; Maori, tirohanga ; 
Samoan, tilofia. The change of this ¢ to a labial is seen also in 
Malay, lakat, or lakah ; Malagasy, rehitra ; Efate, liko, or lkot, 
— ee a 
