THE OCEANIC FAMILY OF LANGUAGES. 829 
to adore ; Malagasy, minona (minomana, minomina); Samoan, 
inu (inumanga, inumia); Malay, minum (minuman),; Efate, 
minu, or munu (munuan for munutan), to drink. To die, death, 
dead: Malagasy, maty (hafatesana); Malay, Efate, mati (matian) ; 
Mangarura, mate (materanga). It is quite clear that matian is 
for matitan, and that mati corresponds, not to Arabic mata, 
indeed, but to its infinitive matit, a dying or being dead. One or 
two more examples must now suffice. Arabic, “asha, he lived, 
infinitive,—‘‘aishat, a living or being alive ; Mota, esu ; Malagasy, 
velona (velomana, velomina),; Malay, idup (¢dupan),; Java, urip ; 
Samoan, ola (olatanga, ola‘anga); Tanna, murif; Efate, mole 
(molian for molitan, like mate for matitan, and matakuan for 
matakutan, and munuan for munutan). Arabic, a’thana, wthina, 
to hear, perceive, infinitive, wthanat ; Malagasy, reny (renesana, 
renesint) ; Samoan, longo (longoina for longotina); Malay, dangar 
(dangaran) ; Efate, rongo (rongoan for rongotan). See the word 
‘Cears,” above, in which the initial guttural of this stem is 
retained in Oceanic. It falls away in the verb, according to a 
Semitic law, owing to the influence of the ending ¢, as does the 
initial guttural of the word, Arabic, h‘alaka, to adhere ; infinitive, 
h‘alakat, lakat (and lakap), rehitra, likot, or lukut (see above). 
FORMS OF THE VERB. FORMATIVE PREFIXES. 
These suffixes formed nouns (infinitives) and adjectives (parti- 
ciples). The prefixes now to be considered formed verbs from 
nouns, or derived verbs from verbs, usually called forms (or 
“‘conjugations”). These were three :— 
1. a—Arabic, Ethiopic, Aramaic, originally sha, sa (ta, t), 
Hebrew, fz; Himyaritic, sa and ha: Causative. 
2. n, in, i—Arabic, Ethiopic, Assyrian, Hebrew: Reflexive, 
reflexive-passive reciprocal. 
3. ta, it, th—Arabic, Assyrian, Hebrew, &c.: Reflexive. 
These three were combined thus :— 
4, an—KEthiopic,* Amharic, Himyaritic, han (Halevy, p. 41); 
also Amharic, asan (for san): Causative-reflexive, or simply 
causative, or transitive (1 and 2). 
5. ata, ista (for sata), asta (for sata), satha, hatha, or hath, 
Arabic x.: Causative-reflexive, simple causative, &c. Tigre, 
Amharic, Ethiopic, Himyaritic (1 and 3). 
6. nith, inta, tta—Assyrian, Himyaritic: Reflexive-passive, or 
reciprocal-reflexive (2 and 3). 
*Dillmann, Gr. Eth., §§ 73, 87. He remarks that this is in more frequent use in 
Amharic, referring to Isenberg’s Amharic Grammar, pp. 54 (xxiv, should be xxiii), 56 
(vii-x), 60 (vii, should be vii-x). Isenberg remarks, p. 56, that these verbs ix, x (an-, tai-) 
are very numerous, 
