830 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION F. 
7. tan—Ethiopic, Amharic: Reflexive-passive (3 and 4. See 
note on 4). 
To these infinitives and participles m was prefixed, and then 
this participle or infinitive came to be used, sometimes for the 
finite verb. Thus we have ma, Syriac (Maphel), causative for the 
common a-, asin 1. Modern Syriac, almost the sole form of the 
causative. (Stoddart’s Grammar, pp. 110-111.) 
8. ethma—Syriac: Reflexive-passive (3 and 1). 
9. ma, m’, prefix to infinitives of ground-form, and to passive 
participles of ground-form and derived-forms. Thus in Mahri 
the common passive participle is expressed through m’-, which 
replaces many lost inner passives. (See Von Maltzan on the 
Mahri, in Z. D. M. G., vol. xxvii). 
With these compare the Oceanic :— 
1. Dayak, ma ; Macassar Bugis, pa ; fate, ba, fa ; Malagasy, 
a, ma; Mota, va; Lifu, Mare, a: Causative. 
Dayak, in ;* Tagala, 2 ; Malagasy, 7 i,mi,; Efate, bi, fi; Fiji, 
ver , Samoan, fe : Reflexive. passive, reciprocal. 
3. Macassar, Dayak, Fiji, Efate, &c., ta, Malay, Java, Fiji, 
Efate, &c., ka ; Dayak, ha; Fiji, ra: Reflexive passive. 
4, Malagasy, an, man ; Malay, Tagala, Dayak, &c., man ; 
Malay (Malagasy), san. The 7 is often changed for euphony to 
ng, &c. ; see the grammars : Causative, transitive. 
5. Malagasy, aha, maha ; Tagala, mag, maka ; Macassar, paka ; 
Efate, baka, faka; Fiji, vaka; Maori, whaka; Samoan, fa‘a ; 
Malay, bdr : Causative-reflexive, causative, reflexive. 
ae Malagasy, tha, miha: Reflexive. 
Dyak, tan (Malay, Malagasy, tan) : Reflexive of 4. The » 
eee for euphony as in 4. 
8. Malagasy, tafa,; Dayak, tapa; Efate, taba ; Oba, tama ; 
Mota, tava : Reflexive, or passive, of 1. 
9. Efate, ma, mi, m ; Malagasy, Tagala, ma ; Solomon Islands, 
&e., ma (The Melanesian Languages, Dr, Codrington, pp. 183-4) : 
Passive. 
To these must be added :— 
10. tar, Malay: Reflexive-passive of 5, formed from (d)ar, as 
tan from an, (m)an. 
Other combinations in Oceanic of these three prefixes (there 
are only three) need not here be noticed, as— 
11. tfa (2 and 1), zfan (2 and 4), Malagasy ; Reciprocal. 
* This 77 is also ‘‘infixed” between the first and second radicals of the verb in Javanese, 
Malagasy (The Malagasy Language, Parker), &c. In like manner ta (3) was infixed in 
Himyaritic and Assyrian, and tan (3 and 2) in Assyrian. In Arabic this 2 was infixed, but 
between the second and third radicals of quadriliterals. 
