322 H. E. FANTHAM. 



tophers (13) on tlie developmental forms of the parasite in the 

 dog-tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) of Madras, and 

 the other by Kinoshita (14) on the forms of the parasite in 

 the dog's blood and in sodium-citrate cultures. 



The paper by Christophers, though only a preliminary 

 account, is most important. Most of the forms mentioned by 

 Koch in the cases of P. bigeminum and P. parvum in 

 the gut of adult ticks were seen by Christophers, except the 

 markedly radiate forms. Stages in the development of 

 P. canis were traced in the tick-egg, in tlie n^-mph, and in 

 the developing adult of the dog-tick. The life history 

 appears to be simple. Loose chromatin was seen in several 

 stages, but no mention of any flagellate form occufs, nor is 

 such figured. Also the presence of a blepharoplast is not 

 mentioned. Tiiis absence of a flagellate stage in the develop- 

 mental cycle in the tick is most important, and Christophers' 

 fuller memoir will be awaited with the keenest interest. 



Kinoshita's paper is interesting, though to me it is a little 

 difficult to summarise. The author gives excellent figures 

 of nuclear dimorphism in the comparatively large form, 

 P. canis, the largest species of Piroplasma, and sufficiently 

 large to provide finer morphological detail often invisible in 

 the smaller P. bigeminum. He describes schizogony and 

 gametogony, and considers the blepharoplast to consist of 

 "animal" chromatin. He figures two forms, each with a 

 chromatic appendage arising from a large blepharoplast, 

 which he considers to be microgametes. Kinoshita himself, 

 apparently, does not think that a flagellate stage normally 

 occurs in Piroplasma, though in an editorial footnote, 

 p. 306, additional and independent evidence for the presence 

 of a flagellate stage is set forth. 



It is most probable, indeed certain, that a flagellate stage 

 does occur in the life-cycle of the Leishmau-Donovan body, 

 and may be expected in the alimentary tract of a blood-sucking 

 Arthropod, namely, the bed-bug, as suggested by Rogers, and 

 now being worked out by Patton (vide 'Ind. Med. Gaz./ 1906, 

 p. 302). On the other hand, a flagellate stage appears to be 



