J885.] PKOCEEDIISGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 77 



* 



tbougli B. bmchyuri(s, like B. .nvainsoni., has only three primaries emar- 

 giuated. The two diiier as follows : 



B. swainsoni. — Wiug more than 13,50 iuches; diU'ereiice between tips 

 of longest primaries and those of longest secondaries (tertials) much 

 more than one-third the length of the wing. Third and fourth qnills 

 longest ; second longer than fifth ; first much longer than eighth (some- 

 times equal to seventh). Second, third, and fourth quills with outer 

 webs sinuated ; inner web of fourth quill never with indication of sin- 

 uation. 



B. brachyurus. — Wing less than 13.50 inches ; difterence between 

 tips of longest i)rimaries and those of longest secondaries less than one- 

 third the length of the wing. Third, fourth, and fifth quills longest ; 

 second shorter than fifth, usually about equal to sixth (rarely a little 

 shorter) 5 first shorter than eighth (usually a little shorter than ninth). 

 Second, third, fourth, and fifth quills with outer webs sinuated ; inner 

 web of fourth quill usualljMnore or less sinuated. 



EARLY IRON MANUFACTURE IN VIRGINIA— 1619-1776. 



By K. A. BROCK. 



• Secretary of the Virginia Historical Society. 



[Accompanying specimens of slag from the old foundry at Falling- Creek, Va., estab- 

 lislied ia 1019. Donation No. 9378.] 



To Virginia, the first of the English settlements in America, belongs 

 the honor of inaugurating within her limits as a colony that most im- 

 portant industry, iron manufacture. 



The London Company, it is exhibited, contemplated a variety of man- 

 ufacturing enterprises from the very beginning of its authority ; promi- 

 nent among them was that of iron. 



In 1610, Sir Thomas Gates testified before the council of the com- 

 pany at London that in Virginia " there were divers minerals, especially 

 'iron oare,'" lying upon the surface of the ground, some of which hav- 

 ing been sent home had been found to yield as good iron as any iu 

 Europe.* 



Under a new administration of its ati'airs, the London Company, in 

 1619, after twelve years of unprofitable expenditure, sent to Virginia a 

 large body of .emigrants, including workmen', and materials for some 

 new branches of industry. These embraced no less than one hundred 

 persons skilled in the manufacture of iron, with the design of erecting 

 in the colony three iron works. Of these, one hundred and ten were 

 from Warwickshire and Staffordshire and forty from Sussex, and were 

 selected for their skill and industry, t 



* True Declaration of Virginia, 1610 ; Force's Tracts, Vol. Ill, p. 22. 

 t A Declaration of tlie stale of the Colonies, &c., 1620, p. 10; Stith's History of Vir- 

 ginia, Book IV, p. 176. 



