608 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 



ing oesophageal artery arises as a branch of the right common carotid 



artery. 



Species studied 



By Garrod 



Coccothraustes vidgaris= Coccothraustes 



coccoihraustes (Linn(5) 

 Hedyrneles ludoviciana— Pheucticus ludo- 



vicianus (Linii^) 

 Cardinalis virginianus= Richtnondena 



cardinalis (Linn6) 

 Corythus enudeator— Pinicola enucleator 



(Linn^) 

 Cyanospiza ciris = Passerina ciris (Linn6) 

 Emberiza sp. 



Liniaria cannabina (Linn^) 

 Pyrrhula vulgaris = Pyrrhula 'pyrrhula 



europaea Vieillot 



By Glenuy 



Geospiza fuliginosa Gould 



Geospiza septentrionalis (Rothschild and 



Hartert) 

 Certhidea olivacea cinerascens Ridgway 

 Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linn^) 

 Guiraca caerulea (Linne) 

 Loxigilla violacea affinis (Baird) 

 Loxigilla noctis sclateri (Allen) 

 Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse) 

 Sporophila aurita (Bonaparte) 

 Tiaris olivacea (Linn^) 

 Tiaris bicolor 07nissa Jardine 

 Melopyrrha nigra (Linnd) 

 Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis 



Richtnondena cardinalis (Linn6) 



Saltaior albicollis isthmicus (Sclater) 



Fringilla coelebs Linne 



Fringilla montifringilla Linn6 



Hesperiphona vespertina (W. Cooper) 



Serinus canaria (Linne) 



Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linn^) 



Melospiza melodia (Wilson) 



Pinicola enucleator leucura (Miiller) (2) 



Leucosticte tephrocotis griseonucha 

 (Brandt) 



Carduelis carduelis (Linn6) 



Acanthis flammea (Linn6) 



Spinus tristis (Linne) 



Coryphospingus pileatus (Wied) 



Arremonops conirostris (Bonaparte) 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn6) 



Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus Baird (2) 



Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wil- 

 son) 



Junco hyemalis (Linne) 



Spizella arborea (Wilson) (2) 



Spizella passerina (Bechstein) 



Spizella pusilla (Wilson) 



Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin) 



Passer ella iliaca (Merrem) 



Emberiza flaviventris Stephens 



Emberiza aureola Pallas 



Paroaria capitata (Lafresnaye and 

 d'Orbigny) 



Paramorphogenesis in the aortic arch system 



Paramorphogenesis is, quite simply, parallel structural develop- 

 ment and evolution. The term can be applied when structm-es are 

 homologous, and when developmental evolution of a structure follows 

 the same pattern and general com-se of events to arrive at the same or 

 similar end insofar as structure is concerned. This term should be 

 applied only when such patterns of structural evolution occur in 

 distantly related forms, as in orders and classes of organisms, and 

 when there is no apparent link or graded series leading from some 

 known ancestral form to its present-day descendents in any of several 

 different orders. 



Paramorphogenesis is not to be confused with the term converg- 

 ence; rather, it implies a general tendency toward structural evolution 

 along the same or similar lines in separate or diverse groups of allied 

 forms, especially those forms which are presumed to be related — as 

 orders and classes of vertebrates, especially as in the amniotes. 



