AORTIC ARCHES OF BIRDS — GLENNY 



Oeders 

 B-4-S 



611 



Rheiformes 

 Apterygiformes 

 Colymbiformes 

 Coliiformes 



Trogoniformes 



Piciformes, with a single case of B-4-d 



Passeriformes except in Orthonyx, B-5-s 



Families and subfamilies 



B-4r-8 



Auhingidae 



Balaenicipitidae 



Turnicidae 



Nyctibiidae 



Hemiprocnidae 



Trochilidae 



Upupidae 



Phoeniculidae 



Loriinae 

 Psittacinae 



Nestorinae 



Cuculidae 



A-1, A-2-S 



A-2-S 

 A-1, A-3 

 A-1, A-4 



Cuculidae 

 Bucerotidae 



A-1, A-3-s/A-4-d 

 Cuculidae 



A-1, B-1, B-2-S 

 Ardeidae 



A-1, B-2-S 

 Kakatoeinae 



B-2-S 



Phoenicopteridae 

 Megapodidae 



A-1, B-2-d, B-3b-d 

 Kakatoeinae 



A-1, B-3a-d 

 Procellariidae 

 Bucerotidae 



A-1, B-3b-d, B-4-S 

 Apodidae 



B-2-d, B-4-s 

 Podargidae 



B-3b-d 

 Pelecanidae 



B-3b-d, B-4-s 

 Megapodidae 



A-1, B-4-d 

 Otidae 



A-1, B-4-S 

 Casuariidae 

 Pelecanoididae 

 Sulidae 

 Fregatidae 

 Alcidae 

 Meropidae 



It will be noted in the above list that, for the most part, there is a 

 major trend toward deletion of the right dorsal carotid artery. In 

 the Ciconiiformes, however, the trend is more generally in the dhec- 

 tion of a dextral evolution and deletion of the left carotid artery. 

 This can be observed in both the Ardeidae and the Phoenicopteridae. 

 Balaeniceps rex, on the other hand, has evolved along the sinistral 

 course. 



Retention of the bicarotidinae normales (A-1) arrangement should 

 be regarded as a more basic condition with respect to the evolution 

 of the carotid arteries. 



It is felt that from the above information sufficient evidence has 

 been presented to demonstrate a high degree of paramorphogenesis 

 in the aortic arch system of birds. 



