24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 125 
been developed industriously for the past hundred years by authorities 
too numerous to mention. A synthesis of a century’s work is admirably — 
recorded in the monumental treatises of Dr. W. C. Osman Hill of the 
Yerkes Regional Primate Center. The physiological, or functional, | 
anatomy of primates has attracted less attention. Because of its 
relevance for primate behavior, the anatomical and physiological whys 
and wherefores will rate special attention. The “new” science of 
Lorenzian ethology, in particular, seems to the writer to require an 
injection of what Elliot-Smith called the “illumination of comparative 
anatomy”; it is somewhat paradoxical to study the evolutionary 
significance of facial expression in primates, for instance, without a 
detailed understanding of the function of their facial musculature. 
Over the years a number of projects in functional anatomy have 
occurred to the writer and are listed below. These are random ideas 
and are in no sense a definitive list of research proposals. 
1. Significance of cheek pouches in primates. 
2. Phylogeny and physiology of sexual swelling. 
3. Anatomy, social significance, distribution, and phylogeny of sexual 
dimorphorism. 
4. Adaptive significance of the bulla tympanica. 
5. The relationship of the fat pad under the heel of primates to ecological 
adaptation. 
6. The anatomy and behavioral significance of swimming in primates. 
7. The functions of the primate tail. 
8. Adaptations of the vertebral column in relation to primate locomotor 
patterns. 
9. Adaptations of the nails and their phylogenetic significance. 
10. The carriage of infants in relation to the locomotion of primates. 
11. The functional morphology of ischial callosities. 
12. The neonatal coat color; its significance in natural selection. 
Education Program 
In the earlier part of this paper considerable emphasis has been 
laid on the multidisciplinary approach of primate biology and on the 
need of its students to acquire a versatile attitude of mind. Primate 
biologists, for instance, who possess a working knowledge of sys- 
tematics are to be preferred to systematicists who have a working 
knowledge of primates, for the systematics of primates should be 
based on the sum total of their biology, past and present. 
The greatest deterrent to subject-oriented research in primate 
biology is, undoubtedly, the lack of primate biologists. The Smith- 
sonian will not only supply grist for its own mill, but also it will 
provide a service for other museums and research institutions by 
developing an education program in this field. 
Cooperative Graduate Programs: It is anticipated that the Smith- 
sonian will be seeking education agreements for cooperative graduate 
