160 H. P. STEENSBY. 
or the Icelandic melr (Elymus arenaria), and that mösurr should be a 
sort of birch found particular sympathy. Finnur Jönsson! absolutely 
thinks them incorrect. With regard to the meaning of Masur (mösurr), 
he thinks that there is no possible doubt of its meaning Maple (Acer sp.), 
which Icelanders knew very well, or could have known from Norway. 
There is no way out of it. We are obliged to admit that Wineland 
has got its name from grapes growing wild. But on the other hand we 
see that we must go south of Fundy Bay to find wild grapes on the 
Atlantic coast, as it is evident from the preceding that wild grapes were 
not to be found in the countries round the Gulf of St. Lawrence, that 
is to say in Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick or 
Canada north of 47° М. lat. 
There is no intention, here, of giving an exhaustive view of the lite- 
rature of Wineland, or of the different hypotheses that have been pro- 
pounded, but only of eliciting such genuine momenta to which one 
necessarily must make up one’s mind when dealing with the problem 
‘of the position of Wineland and the voyages to it. 
We could therefore immediately turn to the real investigation of 
these problems were it not that one of the authors, whose work in other 
ways has been of great use to the finishing of this treatise, had produced 
some theories about the Wineland voyages which I will mention — if 
for no other reason than that of taking a stand-point. 
It is W. Hoveaarp who, as already mentioned, used Grænlend- 
ingapåttr as an important head source. Hovgaard acted in a remarkably 
free manner with the many Wineland voyages mentioned in this source. 
Amongst other things he lets Leif and Thorvald, on their supposed 
voyages, get right down to New England, to the coast near Cape Cod 
and Buzzard’s Bay, in other words to the same regions where С. С. 
Rafn, in his time, fixed the position of Wineland. Hovgaard maintains, 
just as Rafn did in his day, that the country Leif called Markland was 
Nova Scotia. But he does not believe Karlsefni ever reached so far. He 
thinks that the expedition being bigger and better equipped was a hin- 
drance to its progress, and therefore that it cannot have got further than 
the north of Newfoundland. 
Hovgaard thinks that — like his predecessors — Karlsefni inter- 
preted Labrador as Helluland, but that his Markland is the coast of 
Labrador facing the Strait of Belle Isle, and Hovgaard assumes his 
Straumfjord to be Sandwich Bay. 
The whole of this elaborate and spontaneous reconstruction of the 
Wineland voyages, which’ Hovgaard undertakes on the basis of the 
pattr, can hardly have any prospect of winning the approbation of 
students. It is built on a basis of which the textual untenability is 
indubitable, and from a geographical point of view the likelihood 
1 From DANIEL Bruun’s, Erik den Rede, in Copenhagen 1915, р. 72. 
