80ME RUNIC STONES. 47 



Ï>ITA, ac. s. u. THIS, this piece, tjiis ring. — t>ITANUNR = 

 t>lTA„ANUNR: 



ANUNR, 11. s. The common maiisname AN-UND (the t» shirred). 



0, prep. gov. dat. OxY, o/, at, the N now nasalized. 



TARSTAÏ>UM, d. pL m. TARSTAT ff. Bugge says that this village 

 is now called TÅSTAD, ui Hög Parish (Socken), and is ''/s of ^ Swedish 

 mile from Forsa Church. — AUK, as before. 



UFAK/i, n. s. The not uncommon olden mausname UFAG. Spelt 

 in many ways on the monuments, also, (the N not yet nasalized) UN- 

 FAIKR (Staî-keby, Upland). — 0, as before. 



• HIURTSTAt^UM, d. pi. m. (Bugge). HIURTSTATH. Bugge fixes 

 the place at HJORSTA, in Hög Parish, "!^ of a Sw. mile from Forsa. 

 Tt would be HARTSTED in English. Thus: 



IN (but) THEY GAEED THEMSELVES THIS, ANUN ON (of) TAR- 

 STATH EKE VEAK ON HIUIiTSTATH. 



6. IN (but). — UIBIURN, n. s. Mansname; common. 



FAPI, 3 s. p. FA WED (c.vecuted). Of course no earthly man can 

 know whether FAPI here refers to the Ring AND the Runes, as I have 

 said, or to the lianes alone as Prof. Bugge thinks. It is most unlikely 

 that the 2 wealthy landholders unitedly made the roundel with their oirn 

 hands. It was probably made at their request and for their money, in 

 the usual irai/, by some skilled artificer, a class often mentioned on the 

 monuments as SMIPR. We know that such words as RAISTI (sing.) 

 RAISTU (plur.) and LIT RAISA (s.) LITU RAI8A (pL), GAR^I (s.) 

 GARl>U (pi.) and LIT GIRA (s.) LITU GIRA (pi.) etc. etc. are used 

 almost promiscuously, and doubtless often with the same signification. 

 The actual stone would usually be sought for and transported, the grave- 

 how raised, the stone or stones set up — all which would usually be 

 several days' hard work — by some one accustomed to the business and 

 who had regular helpers, all which would be paid for. Where, as fre- 

 quently, a Mother or Wife or Widow or Sister or Daughter is the »raiser», 

 it is certain that she did not do this herself. Sometimes it would be one 

 of the family or a friendly neighbor; but usually, rich people, then as 

 now, bouijht the services of others. With the runes it was different. We 

 have too many instances of the direct assertion that the lamenting father 

 or son or friend, cut the runes, to doubt that it was often so, for this 

 would indeed be a labor of love. But here also, as we know, others were 

 employed, and the names of some have come down to us who were 

 clearly regular professional stone-cutters. And this would sometimes be 



