The First Book Prixtkd ix SwEnisH. 2&- 



3 pi. p. — e, a. 



2 pi. imp. — eu. 



3 s. pr. subj. — e, a, a. — Ath liwar han säther fcirsatli for nien- 

 niskene. hon maglie torwetha sik. ok gynhöfftha honom ok swa wynna 

 honnom offwer, Pref. = that where lie (= the Devil) fetf: siiares for men^ 

 then may be on their (/uard (properly, for man^ he, hifi) and f<tand against 

 him, and thus overcome him. — In the Colophon : ath meenigha almoghen 

 GENHÖFFTHEN dyäffwlen medh syt siälskap = that the common folk- 

 may resist the devil and his company. Here we still have — what is 

 centuries older in Swedish, and occurs often even in Swedish Runic in- 

 scriptions — a local usage by which the pcr-antique -N of the pi. 

 près. subj. is taken up into the singular. 



Side by side with »wij saghiom» occurs »säghie wy», and the usual 

 »j seen» is varied by »swa see j nw», »nu see j». In B both »wi maghe» 

 and »maglioniji. — In 3 s. pr. longer forms still hold their ground: be- 

 gärar = begär; hörer = hör; and contrariwise: gömer ok döl = döljer; 

 — thw lägh — lägger; = westh thw = vet du; matthu = matte thu; 

 thw skal. — Pl. nominatives are sometimes followed by a verl) in the 

 sing, a usage which goes many centuries back, exceptionally, all over 

 Scandinavia, even in Iceland, as: säghir ander hwath thnm takkis, 

 ch. 50. 



Impersonal verbs are common, but they are sometimes used as in 

 modern times: honom bör = han bör; bör henne = hon bör; os bör = 

 vi böra; henne grufwar = hon grufvar; honom försmår = han försmår; 

 enom stundar til ath = en stundar till att; honom synes, honum synas, 

 hut also han synas. 



Many verbs still govern the dative, as of old; giffwa, foi'latha, 

 lasthra, mystäukia, mötha, takka, tyäna, etc. — Part. près, also used in 

 Passive sense: straffwa then som straffande är = som straffas bör; här 

 är märkiande ok wethande, B p. 5, but also här är att märka = att be- 

 märkas, man skal alth for dy wetha och märkia, B jd. 25. 



The Present tense (from SIE) of the verb VARA (O. N. Engl. 

 WESA, WOSA, WOSSA, O. S. Engl. WESxVN) is thus declined: 



Sing. Plural. 



Jak är; Wi ärem; B, äre. 



Thu ; J ; 



Han är; The ära, ärä, äre, är. 



E. Nilsson does not once use the Old-Swedish ^M (= ^]'M, E'M, 

 Sanscrit AS-MI, M. G. I'M, Mod. Engl. AM), which died out so early in 



