344 Batt—Fossil Mammalia of Irevana. 
11.—Tue Mammoru. 
Elephas primigenius. 
The proofs of the existence of the Mammoth in Ireland in pleistocene, pos- 
sibly in both pre- and post-glacial times, while most complete and satisfactory, 
point, so far as they go, to the presumption that it did not occur in great numbers. 
The evidence in favour of this conclusion is, however, only negative, and future 
exploration of caves which are yet untouched may modify it to some extent. 
The mammoth is known to have had the Irish elk as its contemporary in 
England; but it can only be surmised that such was the case in Ireland, since 
positive evidence that they lived here side by side has not yet been obtained. 
The most important and instructive discovery of mammoth remains in Ireland 
was made in the year 1859 by Mr. Brenan, who found its teeth and bones in a 
limestone breccia in the Shandon Cave, near Dungarvan, county Waterford. Asso- 
ciated with these there were the bones of the grisly bear, wolf, and reindeer. 
Subsequently this cave was more fully explored by Professors Harkness and Leith 
Adams, who have added to the above list, horse, fox, Alpine hare, and red deer. 
It is noteworthy that Dr. Leith Adams concludes, trom the completeness of one 
of the mammoth skeletons which he found, that the animal must have made its way 
into the cave to die. These specimens are preserved in this Museum. 
Besides these remains in Waterford, others have been found in the counties of 
Cavan, Galway, and Antrim. 
The discovery in Cavan is recorded in the Philosophical Transactions for the 
year 1715, and is one of the first well-authenticated discoveries of elephant’s 
remains in the British Isles. The bones were found in an apparently lacustrine 
stratum, during the sinking of a foundation for a mill at Maghery, on the lands of 
the Bishop of Kilmore, near the side of a small brook which parts the counties of 
Cavan and Monaghan. The teeth were figured and described by Dr. Thomas 
Molyneux, F.R.S.* 
The Galway specimen consists of a nearly perfect humerus, which was dredged 
up in Galway Bay ; it was formerly in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen, 
but is now in the British Museum. 
The Antrim specimens consist of teeth, which are in the possession of Canon 
Grainger, D.D.; they were obtained at Ballyrudder, half way between Larne and 
Glenarm, and also at Corncastle, ina stratum of stratified gravel, containing marine 
shells of post-tertiary species. No remains of either the ancient (LZ. antiquus), or 
the southern (Z. meridionalis) elephants have as yet been discovered in Ireland. 
* The fisures of some of the teeth seem to me to represent an arrangement of the layers of the 
enamel which approximates to that in the teeth of the group to which the African elephant belongs 
rather than to that in the teeth of the mammoth. However, Dr. Leith Adams has expressed his 
opinion that they all represent true mammoth teeth. 
