Davis—On the Fossil Fishes of the Chalk of Mount Lebanon. 571 
Genus. Clupea. LInNeEus. 
Body compressed, with the abdomen serrated, the serrature extending forwards 
to the thorax. Scales of moderate or large, rarely of small size; upper jaw not 
projecting beyond the lower; cleft of the mouth of moderate width; teeth, if 
present, rudimentary and deciduous. Anal fin of moderate extent, with less than 
thirty rays; dorsal fin opposite to the ventrals; caudal forked. (Giinther.) 
Clupea lewis, Davis. 
(Pixxx; fig: 1.) 
The fish is 13 inches in length; its greatest depth is 2°75 inches between the 
pectoral and ventral fins; from this position the depth decreases anteriorly and 
posteriorly. ‘The head occupies 3:5 inches, being one-fourth the entire length. 
The whole of the fish is well preserved; the scales, except on the ventral 
surface, have disappeared, exposing the osseous structure. 
The head is large in proportion to the size of the fish. The height of the 
post-orbital region is 2°2 inches; the orbit is large, situated anteriorly ; the mouth 
is large, with a wide gape. The intermaxillary bone is straight, and extend 
0-5 of an inch beyond the maxillary; the maxillary is a larger bone, with a 
slightly downward curvature. The mandible is 2-2 inches in length, 0°4 of an 
inch in depth, and tapering towards the front; the jaws appear to be edentalous ; 
no teeth are discernible. Beneath the posterior portion of the mandible there are 
a number of branchiostegal rays, apparently long and somewhat slender bones. 
The operculi consist of an operculum, with a well-rounded posterior margin, the 
anterior one concave with the overwrapping edge of the pre-operculum; a sub- 
operculum and inter-operculum bound the lower margin of the series. The 
tympanic area appears to have been more than usually ossified, and the bones 
of the cranium are also substantial. The parasphenoid is exposed crossing the 
orbit. The bones of the infra-orbital ring are well developed. 
-The spinal column is composed of forty-nine vertebrae: between the head and 
the insertion of the dorsal fin there are twenty vertebree; between the dorsal 
and the anal, fifteen; and thence to the caudal, fourteen. ‘The vertebrae imme- 
diately behind the gill-covers are the greatest in height, but are shorter than 
those which occur behind; the centre of the vertebree are deeply bi-concave. 
The neural spines are connected with the vertebre by neurapophyses; in the 
anterior region they are arranged very obliquely; opposite the dorsal fin and 
towards the caudal they are much nearer upright. The hemal spines and ribs 
correspond in arrangement with those on the neural side of the vertebre; the 
ribs are long and slender; the spines supporting the anal fin are much stronger. 
