NO. 140S. 



LTFE HISTORY OF SEA-HORSES— GILL. 



811 



pendage upward like an inverted crook, thus imparting to it muscular 

 rioidity, the animal pressed it against the bottom of the embryonal 

 pouc-h, which occupied the 

 lower part of the abdomen, 

 thus pushing its contents 

 upward, and forcing them 

 out of the opening on the 

 top of the sack, the creature 

 all this time sustaining its 

 normal, erect position in the 

 water." Another may take 

 adxantage of the presence of 

 some object on which it can 

 get a purchase — a winkle 

 shell, for instance. A '' win- 

 kle afforded real help in 

 the lal)or of extruding the 

 young" to another male ob- 

 served by Lock wood. This 

 operation 'Ms in no sense a 

 parturient process, Init on 

 the contrary is entirely me- 

 chanical, and in the present 

 case was effected in the fol- 

 lowing manner: With its 

 alxlomen turned toward the 

 shell, its tail attached to the 

 under part of it, the l)ody 

 erecttHJ to its full height, 

 the animal, by a contractile 

 exertion of the proper mus- 

 cles, would draw itself down- 

 ward and against the shell, 

 thus rubbing the pouch up- 

 ward, and in this simpk', 

 yet effective wav, expelled 

 the fry at the opening on 

 top of tii(^ sack," This is 

 not a contiiuious operation, 

 but each effort was '"fol- 

 lowed ))v a few minutes 

 of rest," and the extru- 



Fi(i. 8.— Sea-horse (Hippocampus hudsonius). Yoitng, 



VIEWED FROM SIDE AS A TRANSPARENT OBJECT. (RE- 

 DUCED FROM Ryder.) ah, air bladder; af. anal fin; 



((/, I'RINARY VESICLE OR BLADDER; (it, VENOUS SINUS; 

 an, AUDITORY CAPSULE; h' , h", h'", h" ", FIRST, SECOND, 

 THIRD, AND FOURTH BRANCHIAL ARCHES OF THE RIGHT 

 SIDE; ha, BULBOUS AORTA: hl\ KASIRADIAL CARTILAGES; 

 /)/", BREAST OR PECTORAL FIN; C, CEREBELLUM; Ce, CERE- 

 BRUM; Ch, CHORDA DORSALIS OR NOTOCHORD; CS, CORACO- 

 SCAPULAR ARCH, C?/, CERATOHYAL CARTILAGE; df, DORSAL 

 FIN; C, INTERNASAL CARTILAGE; llhy, HYPOHYAL CAR- 

 TILAGE; hm, HYOMANDIBULAR CARTILAGE; (V. INTER- 

 KADIAL CARTILAGES OR BASALIA OF FIN RAYS; Iv, IN- 

 TESTINAL VALVE; /(', LIVER; m, MEDULLA SPINALIS OR 



SPINAL ('(jrd; m, mouth; mh, mid-brain; mk, Meckel'.s 



CARTILAGE; mo, MEDULLA OBLONGATA; nit, METAPTERY- 

 GOID CARTILAGE; 1)a, NASAL PIT; OC, OESOPHAGUS; p, 

 PARACHORDAL CARTILAGE; pll, PINEAL GLAND; pij, PITU- 

 ITARY BODY, q, ROD-LIKE QUADRATE CARTILAGE; )T, 

 ROSTRAL CARTILAGE OR PROLONGATION OF THE TRA- 

 BECITLAR CORNU: ri.. RECTAL PORTION OF INTESTINE; 

 .V, SPIRACULAR OUTLET OF THE GILL-CHAMBER: SC, 

 DERMAL SCUTES OR PLATE-i; SIJ . ELONGATED SYMPLECTIC; 

 /, TRABECUL.E CRANII SEEN FROM THE SIDE; tc, TEGMEN 

 CRANII; i', VENT OR anus; Ve, VENTRICLE OF HEART: W. 

 WOLFFIAN OR SEGMENTAL DUCT; X, SUPRA-ANGULAR 

 CARTILAGINOUS ELEMENT, THE RUDIMENT OF THE SUPRA- 

 MAXILLARY. 



sion of the 3^oung ''lasted 



for nearly six hours, from three to six individuals being set free 



at a time." The young then are fully developed. 



