690 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION I. 



he searched the same field zealously to discover human origins and 

 affinities. The 18th century especially was prolific in the study of 

 man's relations to the ape. 



In the 19th century the special feature of physical anthro- 

 pometry has been its application to the study of the living. The 

 study of man became quantitative as well as qualitative, and hence- 

 forth the science was to have a higher value and greater significance. 

 The artist and anatomist found a new claimant in the field with 

 different ends in view, viz., the eugenist. The artist had studied 

 to know man as he is, the anthropologist what he is and has been 

 racially. The anthropomist measures him physiologically and 

 psychologically and anatomically. The eugenist, in conformity with 

 modern thought that science has its highest sanction when it is of 

 service to man, makes use of the data of anthropometry for his 

 study of what the race may become. 



During the last half-century physical anthropometry has 

 received much attention for several different reasons — scientific, 

 hygienic, and educational. In science it was owing to the impetus 

 given to scientific enquiry by the work of Darwin, in hygiene, 

 owing to the greater value placed on human life and the considera- 

 tion required of every factor that could even remotely affect it ; 

 in education, owing more particularly to the conception of moulding 

 the physical destiny. The work of Ling of Sweden in founding a 

 school of physical culture on anatomical and physiological principles 

 appealed to the trained teacher, and its results had to be checked 

 by accurate measurement. Further, the apparent ease with which 

 anatomical measurements could be made as compared for instance 

 with physiological, tempted observers of every kind and degree, 

 there being no necessity for long periods of training to acquire skiU 

 or extensive laboratory equipment. 



The enquiry animated by such varied interests naturally had a 

 wide range. 



In the domain of scientific research, Quetelet, of Belgium, 

 sought to find the typical in man irrespective of race and environ- 

 ment. He is recognised also as being the earliest to give improved 

 mathematical expression to liis results. 



The racial differentiation attracted many on account of its 

 anthropological interest — an enquiry which is to-day taking on a 

 new value in the study of the problem of race culture. Virchow 

 in Germany examined 6,000,000 children as to their eye and hair 

 colour ; Beddoe in England made extensive studies in pigmentation. 

 Both drew up standard colour schemes. 



In the interests of education and hygiene the standardisation 

 of physical efficiency, especially from records of height and weight,, 

 was undertaken on a large scale. In England in 1875 the "average 

 standard " of the British Anthropometric Committee was estab- 

 lished, and in America a standard for colleges and universities 

 founded on measurements taken in accordance with the schedvile 

 of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical 



