82 PICTORIAL PRACTICAL ROSE GROWING. 
ene the red rust; the third, or Teleuto stage, gives a black 
rust. 
Where the orange fungus has obtained a strong hold, and 
has caused trouble for several successive years, it cannot be 
exterminated at a single attempt. Repeated attacks on it 
must be made. Measures may begin by spraying the bushes 
thoroughly in spring before growth starts with Bordeaux Mix- 
ture (see page 84). When the first signs of the disease appear 
in summer spray with Carbam (see page 84), repeating if 
necessary. The solution should reach the under as well as the 
upper side of the leaves. 
_ Any leaves that contain signs of black rust should be burned 
in autumn, 
Canker in Maréchal Niel. 
Canker frequently attacks the plant at the point of union. 
It is familiar to growers of Maréchal Niel, both out of doors and 
under glass; indeed, so common is it that many look for it 
as a natural course, much as they do for canker on a Ribston 
Pippin Apple, or for the collapse of branches on a Moorpark 
pricot. 
Canker frequently attacks the plant at the point of union, 
in the case of worked trees, but by no means always; attacks 
have been noted on almost all parts of the tree. The cause 
is not easy to trace. Members of the old school of pruners 
shake their heads at modern long pruning and prophesy canker, 
only to find their own lightly pruned trees suffer as badly, or 
worse. 
In many cases the same predisposing cause as tends to 
canker in fruit trees, namely insufficient nourishment, operates, 
and in all cases where poverty of soil is suspected good soak- 
(References to Fig. 38, page 83.) 
PICTORIAL PRACTICE.—PLAIN HINTS IN FEW WORDS. 
FIG. 38.—-ORANGE FUNGUS ON ROSES. 
A, a portion of the growth of a Hybrid Perpetual Rose affected with orange 
fungus in several stages. Aicidium stage: a,a large pustule on the 
previous year’s wood, which has developed from a minute spot into a 
conspicuous, powdery, orange coloured patch. It causes distortion of 
the branch in most cases, always a wound; 3, a pustule on the current 
year’s wood, generally forming a large patch, and partly girdling the 
shoot; c, powdery, orange coloured pustules on the under side of the 
leaflets ; d, pale yellowish patches on the upper surface of the leaves, 
due to the presence of fungus mycelium in the tissues, and correspond- 
ing to the orange patches on the under side; e, a pustule of the fungus 
on the petiole of the leaf. All these bear irregularly globose, sometimes 
angular by compression, zcidiospores. Uredo stage: f, the under side 
of the leaflets with sori or patches of powdery, brick red bodies or 
uredospores (indicated by orbicular spots with white centres), and small 
