98 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



GRADED VOLOIE TABLES. 



Tables 45 to 54 give the actual amounts, values, and percentages of 

 the different grades of lumber sawed from logs of different grades and 

 from logs from different parts of the stem. 



The results were secured by a large number of measurements of the 

 logs in the woods and their cut at the mill. The logs were carefully 

 measured as to diameter and length, and marked, those in each tree being 

 given a specific designation, which showed not only that they were 

 from the same tree, but indicated the relative position of each log in 

 the trunk of the tree, whether butt, second, third, or top. About 1,000 

 logs were sawed at a mill with a daily cut of 30,000 board feet by a 

 circular saw taking a l/4-inch kerf. An exact tally was kept not only 

 of the number of feet but of the grade of each board which was sawed 

 from each log. These logs ranging in diameter at the small end from 

 5 inches to 20 inches were largely from second-growth stands between 

 40 and 70 years old. The utilization was close and the amount of mill 

 waste small; somewhat closer utilization would have been possible in 

 the tops, but at the expense of reducing the grades. About 1,000 other 

 logs ranging in diameter at the small end from 7 to 30 inches were 

 marked and numbered in the woods and were carefully graded. These 

 were sawed at three different mills and, with the exception of a small 

 number, were band-saw^ed. An exact tally was kept of the number of 

 board feet and the amount of each grade of lumber which was sawed 

 from the logs of different diameters in each grade of logs. These logs 

 were from trees in stands which A'aried in age between 45 and 250 years. 

 The cut of all logs was brought to a uniform basis as regards saw thick- 

 ness and allowance for shrinkage by the use of converting factors (see 

 note to table 23). 



GRADING OF LOGS. 



Six grades of logs were recognized as follows : 



Grade 1. Logs smooth-barked, the centers not coarse-grained, and 

 entirely free from such surface indications of defects as knot signs or 

 red heart. While they are chiefly butt logs, second and even third logs 

 from large 5 and 6-logged trees, particularly those from intermediate 

 and suppressed trees, were included in this grade. Even butt logs of 

 this grade if less than 10 inches in diameter must as a rule come from 

 intermediate and suppressed trees. They have less taper than any other 

 grade of logs and consequently saw out less lumber above the log scale. 

 The f. o. b. value (first quarter 1913) of the lumber which is sawed from 

 Grade 1 logs at points which have the I*^orfolk, Virginia, price basis 

 is from $22.46 per 1,000 board feet for lumber from 7-inch logs to $30 

 per ],000 board feet for lumber from 30-inch logs. (Plate XII, C.) 



Grade 2. Logs free from indications of red heart, smooth barked, 

 but showing slight signs of knots on one side or quarter of the log. 



