122 



in Negros are^ expressed in percentages of total sucrose present in the 

 cane, approximately as folloAvs : 



On total 



sucrose in 



cane. 



In bagasse 



In skimmings (where no filter press is used) 



By inversion (including "apparent" or analytical losses) 

 Burned, spilled, stolen, and unaccounted for 



"Shrinkage"" en route to Iloilo (including "tare") 



Total 



Pei- cent. 



25.0 

 5.0 

 '2.5 



10.0 

 1.5 



44.0 



• This loss amounts to about 2.5 per cent of the total sugar produced. Since the sugar 

 is, as a rule, not weighed accurately until it reaches Iloilo, and all estimations of the yield 

 of an hacienda are based upon Iloilo weights, it is proper to include this loss in shipping 

 with the other losses incident to manufacture and calculate it to per cent sucrose in cane. 



Clean, ripe cane has already been shown by analysis to average as fol- 

 lows in four of the most important districts of Negi'os: Fiber, 10.02 

 per cent; sucrose, 16.06 per cent; with a juice, as expressed by moder- 

 ately strong single crushing, of Brix, 20.35; sucrose, 18.40; purity, 

 90.38. In practice, the addition of about 2 per cent of cane trash 

 has likewise been shown to increase the per cent of fiber in the cane 

 as ground to 11.79 per cent, and reduce the sucrose to 15.75 per cent, 

 so that the physical make-up of the cane would be fiber, 11.79 per 

 cent; "juice" (of above composition), 85.57 per cent; "water other 

 than juice," 2.64 per cent. 



The juice from a large number of mills in Negros was found to 

 average somewhat lower in sucrose and purity than that determined 

 by analyses of small samples of cane, and it is very probable that, 

 owing to carelessness in cutting and the introduction of more or less 

 immature and dead cane into the mill, the juice of the cane actually 

 ground would be represented more truly by the former figures than 

 by the latter, so that the average cane of Negros as ground in the 

 mill may be assumed to have approximately the following composition: 

 Fiber, 11.79; juice (of the composition — Brix, 19.71; suKjrose, 17.20 

 per cent; purity, 87.03 per cent; reducing sugar, 1.2 per cent), 85.57 

 per cent, corresponding to a total of sucrose in cane of 14.72 per cent.^^ 



From the estimate of losses in manufacture just made it is seen that 

 on an average 44 per cent of the total sucrose is lost in manufacture 

 and 56 per cent recovered as raw sugar, so that the yield in sucrose 

 per weight of cane would amount to 8.2 per cent, or, since the average 



^° Throughout this paper percentages have been generally expressed to two 

 places of decimals, without, however, making any pretense at such extreme ac- 

 curacy. Analytical work of this nature can usually be relied upon to about ± 

 0.2 per cent. 



