CHAPTER XV. 
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE (CONTINUED). 
Description of the Apparatus and the Mode of using it—General 
Arrangement of the Different Parts—Description of the Evapo- 
rating Range, Materials used in its Construction—Tanks, etc.— 
Details of the Mode of Operation—First Stage—Lime and the 
Defecating Agent, how employed—Saturation of the Acid—How 
the Scum is separated without the usual Process of Skimming— 
Arrangement of Division A—Requisites to secure Success—Pre- 
cautions—Fuel—Chemical Agents. 
Ir the reader will refer to the engraving (Frontispiece), 
and will examine carefully the representation of the evap- 
orating range there given, much unnecessary description 
of the apparatus which I recommend to be used will be 
avoided. The relative positions of the crushing mill and 
the evaporating train may be varied according to circum- 
stances. It is necessary only that the mill be placed upon 
such an elevation, natural or artificial, that the juice, as it 
is received from it, may flow into the tank (M), and thence 
through the descending range of pans into the cooler (F). 
The pipe (P) which supplies the tank (M) with juice 
from the mill, may be cheaply constructed of common 
chain-pump tubing, except when mills of the largest size 
are used. This pipe when made (as shown in Fig. 5, Ch. 
XXX.), consists of a number of lengths of this tubing 
united together and laid in a trench, extending from the 
mill to the tank, with two upright pieces of the same mate- 
9 (97) 
