156 OTHER METHODS. 
uniformly found to be exhibited. -In all cases, the separa- 
tion of the sugar in the crystalline form from the other 
constitueats of the juice, includes several distinct opera- 
tions, resolved into an apparently simple routine by prac- 
tice,—and is in fact throughout a process of analysis on 
an extended scale, involving in its different stages: 
Ist. The separation of the crude saccharine solution 
from the woody and cellular tissues of the plant. This is 
best accomplished by the mill. 
2d. The separation of various impurities from the sac- 
charine solution, and the neutralization or transformation 
- of others of a mischievous nature which cannot be sepa- 
rated. This is the process of defecation. 
3d. The separation of the greater part of the water in 
which the sugar is dissolved. Hvaporation accomplishes 
this object. 
4th. The separation of crystallized sugar, more or less 
colored and impure, from the resulting semiliquid mass or 
mother-liquor which still contains crystallizable sugar and 
molasses. This includes crystallization and drainage. 
5th. The separation of all remaining impurities from 
the more or less colored sugar of the last operation. This 
is commonly the work of the refiner. Chemically pure 
white sugar is its best result. It involves various processes, 
the most important of which is that technically known as 
“liquoring.” Few manufacturers, however, will find it 
profitable to carry the process through this last stage. 
As complete defecation or the separation of the sac- 
charine matter from the different substances with which it 
is combined in solution is the chief difficulty to be sur- 
mounted, it will be sufficient at present to call attention 
to this one point, as I am satisfied that if this be perfectly 
attained, the different steps which precede and follow it 
will present no difficulty, as they depend chiefly upon me- 
