THE WHEAT CULTUEIST. 



25 



Previous to the invention of the thrashing-machines, 

 when the wheat was thrashed with flails, or trod out 

 with horses, white caps were a serious annoyance, when 



Fig. 2. — Different parts of a wheat head. 



grain was being prepared for market. But thrashing- 

 machines remove the inner chaff, or the white caps. At 



2 



