PREFACE 



4. The scrub formation (on the exposed serpentine). 



5. The low sheltered forest (9500-10,500 feet). 



6. The sub-summit dwarf forest (above 10,500 feet). 

 Mount Kinabalu has been ascended at intervals since 1851. 



From the orchidologist's point of view the most important ex- 

 plorations made for botanical purposes, prior to that of Clemens 

 in 1915, were undertaken by Dr. G. D. Haviland in 1892 and 

 by Miss Lilian Gibbs, F.L.S. in 1910. The orchids collected by 

 Haviland were studied and identified by H. N. Ridley and pub- 

 lished in Stapfs paper "On the Flora of Mount Kinabalu."^ 

 Haviland brought out twenty-four species of orchids, represent- 

 ing twelve genera. The orchids collected by IVIiss Gibbs were 

 published in her paper entitled "A Contribution to the Flora 

 and Plant Formations of Mount Kinabalu and the Highlands 

 of British North Borneo. "^ The identifications of the orchids 

 were made by R. A. Rolfe at the Kew Herbarium. INIiss Gibbs 

 brought out forty-one species, representing twenty-two genera. 

 One new genus was recognized. 



In 1915 Chaplain Joseph Clemens, U. S. A. accompanied by 

 Mrs. Clemens, D. LeRoy Topping and native helpers, ascended 

 Kinabalu for the purpose of making botanical collections. Chap- 

 lain Clemens, to keep his interest in the expedition constantly 

 stimulated, decided to give his undivided attention to a single 

 group of plants. He chose the Orchidaceae. As a result of his 

 efforts, one hundred and fifty-five orchid species in a condition 

 suitable for identification were secured. Of this number one hun- 

 dred species proved to be new. He also secured one new genus. 

 Chaplain Clemens spent about six weeks on the mountain. In 

 that time he more than doubled the number of orchid species 

 known to be natives of Kinabalu. 



1 Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, i (1894) 69-263. 2journ. Linn. Soc. 42 (1914) 1-240. 



