PREFACE 



In his expedition Chaplain Clemens went from Jesselton to 

 Usukan, thence to Kotabelud. From Kotabelud he started up 

 the Tampassuk River on the way to Koung, which is near the 

 junction of several rivers that form the Tampassuk. Then he 

 climbed to Kiau, ascending the spur that rises from the left bank 

 of the Kadamian River. From Kiau, after passing the Minitindok 

 Gorge, he ascended to Low's Peak by way of Lobong, collecting 

 at Kamborangah and Pakka on the way. Starting from Kiau 

 again he crossed the Gurulau Spur twice, and after climbing the 

 Marei Parei Spur crossed the Kinitaki River. On the return he 

 climbed from Koung over the Bungol Mountain to Bungol rest- 

 house, then crossed the Kalawat Mountain to Kalawat and 

 reached Tuaran on his way to Gantisan on the coast. The ex- 

 pedition started on October 28, 1915 and was completed by 

 December 12, 1915. 



The orchids were gathered chiefly on Marei Parei Spur, near 

 Kiau, at and around Lobong Cave, and in the neighborhood of 

 Kamborangah. A few species were collected at Pakka and on 

 the Gurulau Spur. The approximate altitudes of these localities 

 are as follows : Kiau 3080 feet, Lobong 4790 feet, Gurulau Spur 

 5000-5500 feet,:Marei Parei Spur 5000-7000 feet, Kamborangah 

 7040 feet, Pakka 9790 feet. 



The geological history of Borneo indicates that in the past 

 there were land connections with the Malay Peninsula, Java and 

 Sumatra. These connections must have been broken long enough 

 ago to allow for the development of a high degree of specific en- 

 demism in each isolated land mass. In the Malay Peninsula the 

 specific endemism, according to computations made by Merrill, 

 is fifty per cent. The same or approximately the same percentage 

 of endemism may be expected to prevail in the floras of Sumatra, 

 Celebes and the other more important islands of the Malay Archi- 



[xi ] 



