14 THE WIIITK riNK. 



In Michigan the distribution of the species is entirely controlled by the character of the soil, 

 all sandy arcns hciiif,' |)iM('ry i)r()i>or, with largo areas of \>\\Yi-, growth of scvtsral sipiarc miles in 

 extent rontaiiiinij only NN'liitc I'inc. Occasionally, and especially on the driest and ])oori'sl, sandy 

 gravels, the Ked I'lne (I'iniis rcsinosii) associates and sometimes predominates, the White Piue 

 not representing more than 10 to 2(( per cent of the number of trees. In the northern regions 

 Jack Pint! (Piuiis diraricdta) takes the pla(!e. of the lied IMiie. 



The typical jjine forest on fresli sandy soils cruisists of White Pine (15 to '>'> ju-r cvu{ of the 

 dominant growth) mixed with Ped Pine (-■"> to to per cent) with scattering llendock (10 to 15 per 

 cent) and oc-casioual I'Mr and hardwoods. The undeigrowth, usually moderately dense, consists 

 mainly of small llendock, l'"ir, and young hardwoods. 



On moisler sand with loam or clay subsoil llendock ami hardwoods ie})lace the pines, the 

 lied Pine vanishing entirely and the White Pine occurring only in large isolated imlividuals. Into 

 wet oi- swampy places the \Vhite Pine also ])enetrates in single individuals anu)ng Arborvita', 

 lla<-kni<itack, and Spruce. 



As the loam in the composition of the soil increases, the hardwoods increase numerically, tlu; 

 White Pim^ occurring only in single individuals and grou])s, and Kcd Piius and riendo(;k only 

 occiisionally. l''inally, the heavy clay soils toward the southern range of the s)>ecies give absolute 

 preponderance or exclusive ])ossession to the hardwoods, mainly Sugar Maple, Yellow liirch, and 

 Beech, although occasionally White Pine ap|)ears scattered, or even in smaller (tr larger groups. 



Lumbering of White Pine in ISIicliigan began about IS.J.'i, and was at its best in l.SS,"5, l)ntnow 

 the virgin i)ine is nearly cut out. lleproduction is satisfactory on the sandy areas wherever lires 

 are kept out, which is rare; on the clay-loam areas rei)roduction underthe shade of the hardwijods 

 is ]>ractically imiwssible. 



In Wi.sfDiisin the same dependence on soil conditions in the distribution of the sjiecies i)revails 

 as in Michigan. The accompanying nuip of the forest areas of Wisconsin, taken from Pulletin No. 

 10, of the Division of Forestry, will serve to give an i('.ea of the numner in which this distribution 

 api)ears within the bell ot best develoi)meiit. (See PI. HI.) From this ma]) it will ])e seen that 

 the distribution is to Mm- largest extent dependent on soil conditions, the sandy soils representing 

 the i»inery areas, in which merchantable hardwoods and Hemlocks are wanting; the loam ami clay 

 areas are, stocked with tlie hardwood forest, in which both llendock and I'ine occur scattei'ing oi' 

 in isolated groves, represented almost entirely by mature old tind)er. Saplings, bushy young 

 trees, and seedlings are comparatively scarce, an active reproduction of the pine evidently not 

 going on. This condition is found especially on the heaviest soils, wheri; the hardwoods crowd out 

 the ]iine, while on the sandy or gravelly soils the pine holds its own and forms a fair |)roportion of 

 the sapling timber. In the true i)inery of the sandy soils the hardwoods are scantily rei>resented 

 by small Whit(^ liirch, As])en, and Maple. The llendock is entirely wanting. On the barrens 

 ])ro|)('r the White I'iiie is replaced by Jack Pine and Red Pine, one, or both" together, tbrming 

 forests of considerable exteut, usually with hardly any undergrowth or admixture save some 

 scattering Scrub Oak. 



In MinHcuota climatic conditious again begin to assert themselves in iiillm nciii,;; Hie dislribu 

 tion of the White PiTie. 



The conifers become prei)onderant over the hardwoods e\erywhere. Pines, both i.'eil and 

 White, together with Tamarack (Larix laricina) and Arborvita-. (Cedar — 'rimjii ocfiilcnialix) and 

 .some adrinxture of Spruce occupy those sites, both swamj) and dry lands, which elsewheic would 

 be occupied by hardwoods. With this change in eomjKJsition goes a decrease in development; 

 the'sizes both in diameter and height are reduced. 



It is an interesting fact that both in Wis(U)nsin and Minnesota the pine area does not, as in 

 the eastern held of distribution, gradually fade out towaid the i)rairie, but thi! true iiine woods 

 cease abruptly within ."50 or K) ndles at most Iroin the demareatitm line of the jirairie, leaving the 

 interveiMiig groiiml to P.irch and Aspen or Scrubby Oak and Jack Pine openings. 



In the (Jamidian extension of the species ])ure pinery is very rare. The great bidk ol' the 

 most i)roductive i)ine country lies northward and westward from the mouth of the Ottawa Itiver 

 to Georgian Bay in mixed growth, which consists mainly of hardwoods, with Hemlock, Spruce, 

 Arborvita- (Cedar), and Balsam, while the lower tiers of Ontario are of the same character ol 

 hardwoods, with little scattering piue, as in southern Michigan, The eastern extension of the 



