NOTES ON UIONKHAL DISTRIBUTION. 15 



field of commorcial piiio in Canada followed mainly tho St. Lawrence K'iver as far as Quebec^ On 

 Newlbtindland tlie species is indigenous to nearly the whole of tlic island, and in some parts pro- 

 duces considt^rable (piantities of nieichantable timber. At its northwestern linut the forest fades 

 out into prairie, the White fine gradually disappearing, while at the northern limit the change 

 is into Spruce forest. 



NOTES ON GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. 



Hr. N. L. Hrittoii, for soino ye;ir8 coiinoctod with the gcolo^iciil Hurvoy of Now .Jersey, writi-s of I lie ori^cirreiice 

 of White Piue in tliat State as follows: 



Pino Brook Station and sparingly northward along the Southern Railroad of New Jersey (Britton); sparingly 

 3 niile.s sonth of Woodbury, (iloucester Couuty (('anliy ), and fri'qMfnt in the middle .and northern portions of the 

 Slate. Then^ are no White Pin(^ forests in New .Jersey, an<l the largest grove Known to nie is of Imt a few acns in 

 extent. It evidently prefers a heavier soil than does P. riijida, which forms the forests of the pino liarrens. On 

 Staten Island, New York, there are a few scattered trees of /'. sirobus. 



Mr. William M. Canby, of Wilmington, Del., reports the existence of a grove of While Pine trees in ujiper 

 Delaware, and Mr. Thomas Meehan, of Gennautown, Pa., states that White Piue grows (or did recently) at the 

 Soapstone <iuarry, on the east side of the Schuylkill, some 8 or 10 miles above Philadelphia. Mr. Canby adds: " It 

 is a very difficult thing to define the limit of a species that is being so rapidly destroyed, and doubtless the southern 

 Jine is being rajiidly etlaced." 



Prof. Lester F. Ward, of W^ashington, D. C, is of the oiiinion that I'inii8 strohus is not indigenous aroiiiid 

 Washington, and that the few trees met with in wild 8itu.ations in its vicinity grew from seeds blown from planted 

 trees. He has never met it in his botanical excursions into southeastern Maryland and ^'irgiuia. 



Mr. F. E. Boynton writes from Highlands, N. C. : 



I have seen some very fin(^ specimens growing in Pickens and Oconee counties, S. C, but I have never seen it in 

 this part of the country except in high altitudes, say from 2,500 to 3,000 feet usually. I have never seen or liiard of 

 its forniing forests here. I have seen groves of a few acres where it might be said to predominate. As a rule, it is 

 found scattered among other forest trees. It nearly always grows in or (|iiite near Ivhododendron and Mountain 

 I.anrel thickets, which indicate a moist soil. It often grows to be a very large tree here I measured a lug in 1 lie 

 mill yard near here last night that was 37 inches through. Considerable lumber is cut I'rcun White Pine in this 

 mountain region, but, as a rule, the lumber is of inferior (luality, being very knotty anil oflen shaky. Cultivaled 

 specimens thrive and grow very fast. It is usually found most common ou southern exposures. The rock formation 

 is granite, and soil usually a sandy or gravelly loam wherever I have observed the White Pine in this region. 



The following has been furnished by Prof. W. R. Lazenby, of the State agricultural experiment station at 

 Columbus, Ohio: 



From :ill tlie dat.i in my possession, I should say that White Pine is rarely met with in ( >hio outside the borders 

 of two of our northeastern counties, viz, Ashtabula and Lake. Occiisionally a sporadic ]iatch has been noted along 

 the banks of streams in some of the eastern couuties. I have never heard of its spontaneous occurrence anywliere 

 tliroughoiit th(^ central or southern portions of the State. It ajipcars to thri\e well here at Coliiinbiis and siilpiiiit.s 

 kindly to change of soil. Wherever I have seen it in Ohio under artificial cultivation it has presented a thrifty 

 appearance, although the young plants do not make a very rapid growth for the tirst few years. 



Concerning the occurrence of White Pine near the head of Lake Michigan, Prof. E. J. Hill, of Normal Park, 111., 

 writes: 



It begins at Whiting Station, on the Michigan Southern Railioad, and extends eastward to Michigan City. I 

 came across a, clump of White Pine once, about a mile north of Otis, where the Michigan Southern Railroad crosses 

 the New Albany road. - ' « You would be pretty safe in taking the Calumet River as the southern boundary. 

 * * * I do not know of a single native tree in Cook Couuty, 111. 



Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, 111., communicates the following concerning the occurrence of White Pino in the 

 northern portion of that State : 



In a few localities ou Kents Creek and Rays Creek, in Winnebago County, and giving the name to Pine t'nck 

 iu Ogle, the county immediately north of this, the White Pino is certainly indigenous, but occurring only as a 

 sparse growth, cresting precipitous banks, where it seems to have found a favorable cuvironiuent. 



To this Mr. S. B. Wadsworth, of Oregon, 111., adds: 



The White Pine iu Ogle County grows in some cases to a height of 40 or 50 feet. * " " Nearly all the small 

 streams in Pine Rock township have some pines near the mouths of the streams if there are any rocks along the 

 banks. ' ^ • fhe White Pine prefers the St. Peters sandstone, but in some cases grows on liniestonc rocks. 



Mr. R. Williams, of Streator, 111., says : 



White Pine is without doubt a native of La Salle County. It oi^mrs on the Vermilion and its little tributaries 

 wherever there is an exposuri' of carboniferous s.andstonc, and more frequently is seen close to the edge of the 

 highest blulls, where the soil is largely composed of the disintegrated rock. To find one beyond the inlliicine of 

 the sand rock would be almost ]ilieuomenal. The number is very small and their situation docs not inriiiit tbrm to 

 attain much size. I think that 40 feet is about the limit of height. Small thrifty pl.ants from one to a few feet in 

 height occur here and there, and are sometimes transplanted to the ]ir.iirie soil, where they make a vigorous growth, 

 outstripping Norway Spruce, .'Scotch and Austrian Pine, Hemlock, and White Cedar. Pines planted hero iu lt<54 or 

 1855 iire now (1886) about 40 feet high. 



The limiting line of the White Pine beyond the Mississippi northwestward is traced substantially as inilicatcd 

 by Mr. W.arreu Upham in the (ieological and Niitnral History Survey of Minnesota. Mr. I'pham sends the following: 



The White Pine, wherever I have seen it iii New llam]>shire and other jiarts of New Englaml and in the North- 

 west, prefers somewhat clayey land. It does not thrive ou wholly sandy plaius ("modified drift" of glacialists), 



