Ifi THE WHrTK PINK. 



wliiili arp ilonnminntcil "pino liarrcns," tho coiiK'^nial (lwrlliii(j iilaoo in tho Kast for the Pitch I'ine (P. rigida), and 

 ill the NortliwoHt for tlir llaiiKsiau or .lack \'iuo { 1'. tliiaricula): nor iliios tlio Wliitr Piiiii in cithrr ri'tjion grow 

 lilentifiillv aiid of luri;f'Ht «izo on very clavry land, wliicli iR tlio favorite loiatioii for Majilos, lta»8\vooil, KIiuh. anil 

 oIluT deciiliioiis tires. The Whitii I'inn in this iiiatt<>r of its ^hoi(■l^ of Hoil follows tho injunction, Midio tiilimiimuii 

 ibis. Tim Ivi'il I'inr ( /'. rcsinona). «o far an I have ohsorved, iMn thrivi^ betfi^r ou thr vi-ry sandy jilains and "bar- 

 rens" than tbi- White I'ini', being intcrinediatc iu this between the White Pino aud the Pitch and Jack pines. 



Prof. T. H. .Maclirido, of th<! State riiiversity of lowa, says: 



I have collected White Pine in tho following coiiuties in this State: Mitchell, Howard, Winneshiek, Allamakee, 

 Clayton, Diibniine, Delivwarc, .lackson, and Mnscatine. It is, by othiirs. rciiorted from Scott. It ought to be found 

 also in Kayettc, bnt I have never run across it (hero. 



[This would iiinlinc the White Pine in Iowa to the counties bordering the Mississiiipi Kivir :inil tlie Minucsnta 

 State line us far west as the Cedar Kiver \alley.J 



CONCLUSIONS REGARDING NATURAL DISTRIBUTION. 



The Icadiii}; coiicliision.s to 1)0 drawn from what has been .stated regarding the natural distri- 

 bution of White I'ine seem to be tiie foUowin}?: 



(1) Leaving out of consideration all the outlying portions of the region under discu.ssion, there 

 i.s left an area of not less than 400,000 sijuare miles in the United States and Dominion of Canada 

 withiu which the White IMuo is iu its home and surrounded by the conditions of its own choice, 

 tbroughont wliii'ii its snccessfnl cultivation is fully assured. 



(2) A much larger territory than this is included withiu the limits of extreme distribution as 

 tlelined above, aud there is abundant evidence to .show that over nearly tbe whole of this wide 

 area, and in some directions far beyond it, this species makes under cultivation a healthy and 

 rapid growth. There is apparently no species of equal \alue indigc^nous to eastern North 

 America that is at the same time adapted to so wide an area. 



(.3) The habits of this species near tho westei'u limit of its natural occurrence, as well as 

 e.^perimental phiutiug, indicate plainly that its successful growth can not be depended upou much 

 beyond this limit. 



THE WHITE PINE LUMBER INDUSTRY. 



No species of American timber has been so much used lor lumber as the White Pine, and 

 the develoiunent of the lumber industry iu this country is coincident with the exploitation of tlii^ 

 White Pine forests. 



The comnu'rcial u.se of White I'ine began with tlie first settlement of New England. Tlie first 

 sawmills were established in tiie seventeenth century, and numerous small sawmills, which were 

 usually an attachment of the neighborhood gristmill, were in operation early iu the eighteenth 

 century. Timber was exchanged for merchandise, and the collections thus made were floated to 

 ports of shipnu'iit, whence they werci exported. This jirimitive industry, coiitiiied largely to White 

 I'iiie, was continued well into the third decade of the present century. In 1850, ,). S. Si)ringer, of 

 Maine, wrote: "Thirty years ago it was unnecessary to search for a locality for a lumber cam]) ou 

 tbe P(Miobs(;ot, for a man could step from his liouse to his day's work, the jiiiie, that forest king, 

 abduuding on every side. Fifty years hence the vast pine forests through which the Penobscot 

 Hows will be on the eve of destruction." This pro])hecy has long since been veritied, for the Spruce 

 has ))rai'tically taken the place of the White Pine in the lumber output of M:iine. 



This early trade in White I'ine, though involving small ca|)ital and limited operations on the 

 part of each dealer, was by no means unimportant iu the aggregate, lumber being "a leading 

 industry in New England from the first. The liangor Weekly Kegistei' of March 2, 1810, noted 

 that between .300 and 100 sleigh loads of lumber, etc., canu; into P>elfast in one day. The (ia/.ette 

 of .Tuly 10. ISL'li, says that i;5(!,08(> feet of lumber and .3.">,0()0 shingles were hauled in on one Saturday 

 by teams. In 182.'> twenty-live vessels were engaged in the lumber trade irom Bangiu- to the West 

 Indies. The mills of those days were all small affairs, generally .«ingle-sash saws, driven by water 

 jiower, with a (capacity of 1,000 to 3,000 feet per day. About 1830 the construcf ion of larger mills 

 began, and in 1890 a capital of nearly 812,000,000 was invested iu the sawmilliug industry in the 

 State of Maine alone. 



In geiuiral, it may be said that the White Pine of New l-'ngland was cut by numerous small 

 concerns, and that the bulk of the supplies was cut before modern sawmilliug began. 



