20 TItr, WHITK PINE. 



arc laicly Icll bi-liiiid, and "ck-aii cuttinj,'" now means tin; rciiioval (»f all l<)};s, liowever (ifreclive. 

 Ill loj;};iii}j, ice roiuls, improved by iii^litly sitrinkliiif;, enable tlio transport of euornious loads 

 (."ijiMiO I'eet and more) by single or (lonl)lt' teams. The loLrj,Nii}; railway is last (indiii;^ favor, and in 

 many plaeestlic lo^ginf; is tlu'reby made continuous, being carried on at all seasons. (iSee I'i. IV.) 



Tlie yields in White Pine are, as might be e.vpected, very variable. 



A cut of 2 million feet H. M. on a " forty," or .')(),()()<) feet jtcr acr«% was iir)t a i-arc one in the 

 pineries of southern Michigan, and ocasionally such cuts are made in Wisi-onsin and Minnesota, 

 lo yield such a result the entire "forty" must be well aud evenly stocked. The best acre, then, 

 need not be far above the average, and, in fact, rarely exceed.s 75,0(K) feet. 



A stand of 1 million feet on a " forty." or L'r),()00 feet per acre, is a good one, but was of quite 

 comuKUi occurrence in all \N hite Pine districts, and may still be found in many places, while whole 

 townships or counties have averaged l(t,(K)0 feet i)er acre. 



These yields depend, of course, on the character of the forest growth, the greater or smaller 

 admixture of other speiues occjasioning the differences. Thus, if any large territory of the ])ine 

 districts were taken into consideration, a y'wAd of loO million feet i)er township wouhl be found a 

 fair statement for most parts of the pineries of Wisconsin and Jlichigan. 



The best yiehls do not usually conu> from those tracts which contain the largest trees, but 

 where the i)ine is least mixed with other si)ecies aud stands most dense. 



Such areas, i)ineries proper, where no merchantable hardwoods were mixed with the i)ine, are 

 usually tracts of loamy sand, and occur in extensive l)odies in all three of the Iiak<^ States, 

 (lenerally. White Pine cuts more wasteful than Noi-way or ]{ed Pine, has a thicker bark, more 

 large dead limbs and knots, these latter often coming to within 20 feet of the ground, even on large 

 trees, and is ([uite given to forking. This latter ix'culiarity seems natural to the tn'c, and has 

 been observed abroad as well as here. It seems indei)endent of the character of the soil, as it 

 occurs on clay and sand alike, but it is often localized, so that on a small tract of 10 or l-'O aci'cs 

 nearly all trees are forked. Trees with thi'ee and four forks are not rare, ami live forks occur. In 

 addition. \Mnte Pine is extensively defective by decay, so much so that in some localities 15 toi-'O 

 I)er cent must be allowed for the loss from this source. 



NATURAL HISTORY. 



The oldest descrijitiou of the White Pine appears to lie that of PlukiMiet, published in 1700. 

 Its scientilic name of i'/«M« .s7/f>fc!ts was given the species by Linnaus in 17.j.">, and unlike most 

 trees but one other scientitic name has been applied to it, the synonym being /'innx IniuifoUa Salis- 

 Imry, 170(5. Besides the generally accepted common name of White Pine, the si)ecies is lo('ally 

 known in the United States as Soft Pine, Northern Pine, and Spruce Pine, aud to a limited extent 

 by its usual Euroi)ean name of Weymouth Pine. 



The species was first introduced in ICurope at Badminton, Kngland, and was soon after exten- 

 sively planted on the estate of Lord Weymouth, whence its cointnon name abroad. It was also 

 extensively i)lanted in (lermany at the end of the last century under the same name, Weymuth- 

 kiefer. 



BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION. 



White Pine {I'innx .ilrnhu.s L.) in its luitural habitat is a tree of large size, 100 feet or more in 

 height (not unfre(iucntly attaining a height of over 150 feet, even trees of 2.50 feet in height having 

 been reported), with snu)oth. thin, grayi.sh bark (fig. 1), becoming at the base thick and deeply 

 furrowed with age. Tlie leaves are slender, straight, triangular in section, five in a sheath, 2A to 

 4A inches long; resin ducts, chiefly two near the dorsal face; stomata in three to live rows on the 

 ventral faces; fibro- vascular buiulle, one. Cones, single or in groups of two to three, stalked and 

 ]>endulous, 4 to inches long, cylindrical, slightly tapering and curved, fruit-scales oblong weilge 

 shaped, the apophysis half pyramidal, with a triangular blunt point. Seeds, one-tilth to one fourth 

 inch long, grayish-brown, with a thin membranaceous wing. Cotyledons, seven to eleven. 



A numl)cr of varieties, more or less distinctly marked, are recogni/.ed in cultivation. Among 

 these are (U(h«, a dwarf, bushy f(uin, (Uiltivated in gaidens in the Old \Vorld ; iiirca, ririilin. and 

 aurca, named from the color of their leaves; brcvi/olia, and several others (innbraculi/era, ininima, 



