38 THE WHITE PINE. 



difference is not !)bserve(l. It would appear that iu similar soils tbe White Pine yrows at about 

 the sajne rate, with similar persistence, and to the same ilimensions in all parts of its range. 



Ill IviiriiiH'. too, as :ipi)ears from a table on i)age 0!», its growth as well as its general behavior, 

 at least iu the forests of (leriuany, is fully as favorable as at home. 



Besides dillerences as result of soils, an influence of the composition of the forest is noticeable. 

 White Pine mixed with ITemloik (Pennsylvania stations) shows a more rapid growth for the first 

 one hundred and thirty years, while among hardwoods (Wisconsin stations) the next one hiindied 

 yejirs seem to )uoduce the thriftiest growth. This is perhaps explained by the fact that in the 

 latter mixture the White Pine has after the first one hundred years its entire crown above the 

 shorter hardwoods, and lieii(-e is in full eiijoyinent of light. 



The so-called "second growth" pine develops somewhat differently, because, as a rule, it does 

 not start in a dense growth, enjoying the light conditions of the o]ien stand, the single individuals 

 make a more rapid \-oliune growtii, until they have closed uj), and forest conditions jjrevail. This 

 is fully exhibited in the measurements of young groves in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 

 tabulated in the Appendix. 



In managed woods, where the number of trees allowed to grow per acre is under control, the 

 volume accretion may also be accelerated; the growth energy of the site being then exerted on 

 fewer individuals, each one deposits larger amounts. What this increase can be may be inferred 

 from the table on page (i9, which records the growth of White Pine in Germany. 



CCIIIC CONTESTS OK TREES. 



Having ascertained by a large number of measurements the diameters, heights, and factors 

 of shape possessed by trees under all sorts of conditions, the cubic- contents of such trees can 

 be calculated and recorded in a table for further use, by reference, in measuring contents (jf trees. 

 Such table for White Pine of different diameters and heights will be found in the Appendix, from 

 which the contents in cubic feet of the bole of a tree whose diameter at breast height has been 

 measured and whose height has been estimated or measured can at once be read otf. 



I.IMUKR CONTENTS OF TREES. 



The total cubic contents, being based on mathematical considerations alone, is the only 

 rational measure of tlie volume. By stating contents in board measure we introduce at once a 

 number of uncertain factors, which are variable in the ])ractice, such as the lowest-size diameter 

 to which logs are taken; the size of the lumber that is cut, from one half inch boards to square 

 beams; the saw used, which determines the loss in kerf, and the skill of the .sawyer, who can 

 ■waste a large ])roportion in slabs and inconsiderate use of the logs.' 



In these losses there is no allowance made for crooks or rot, which would reduce the results 

 still further, so that hardly one third of the total volume of the tree would seem to reappear in 

 the .shape of lumber, ])rovi(led the log scales used are correct, which anticipate a loss of 44 i)er 

 cent (Scribner) to 50 per cent (Doyle) in sawdust, slabs, and edgings for 14-iiicli logs, the average 

 size of logs in the northern pineries. 



As a matter of fac^t, in good modern mill jiractice, not only does no such waste occur as is 

 indicated in these 'og scales, even if all logs were cut into iiudi boards, but in addition small logs 

 are worked into dimension material 2 by 4, li by 6, 4 by 4, etc., in which the loss is reduced to a 

 minimum; thus an Sim-h log may be cut to fi by 6 inches. It then would make, if 1<! feet long, 

 not 1(! to 25 feet B. ;\I., but 48 feet. Since the bulk of our ])ine material is now obtained from 

 small logs (over one half below 14 inches diameter), these diflerences are of considerable practical 

 importance. 



' A careful examination and mea.inrcment of one hunilred trees of White Pino was made liy Mr. Filibcrt Rotti 

 to ascertain wliat ratlon.il allowance should hi" made on the cubic contents of trees when converted into lumber. 

 The .iverage diameter of the trees measnreil was 2S inches, bre:i8t high with bark, and the height 100 feet, the factor 

 of sh.ipe 0.43, tliat is to say, they were old trers with a nn)derate taper. They avcragid 1.2 logs of 16 feet per tree, 

 which represented 76 per cent of the total volume of the hole with bark, 21 per cent l»-ing lost in the top and stump 

 and in tlie bark. The lumber contents of these logs, calculated by Scribiier's log rule, represented only Hi'. 5 per cent 

 of tbe total volume of the tree, that is to say, over t!0 per cent of the whole tree is supposed not to reappear in the 

 lumber, the saw waste representing 48 per cent of the log volume and 36 per cent of the total volume of the tree. 



