40 THE WHITE PINE. 



occurrence, its use for forestal purposes would seem to be circumscribed by (conditions of humid 

 and cool atmospheres, such as are found in northern latitudes and high altitudes. Its distribution 

 is manifestly iiioric dependent on liumidity than on tciiiperatiire, or rather, on a low transpiration 

 factor, that is, siu'ii a relation of heat and nioistine, both at the foot and at the top, that the thin 

 foliage can readily perform its functions; hence, its failure in (uiltivation in the trans-Missouri 

 States, the contraction of its southern field to the high altitudes, and its best development in 

 (piautity if not in (piality within the inlluence of the (Ireat Ijakes and to the northward and 

 eastward. 



While aibqiting itself readily to almost any variety of soil, the White I'ine manifestly prefers 

 one with a fair admixture of sand, insuring a moderately rapid drainage. The pine tribe in 

 general occupies the sandy soils, to which it is better ada])tcd than most of the deciduous tree 

 species; but the White Pine is capable of disputing possession with its competitors even of the 

 fresh nu'diumheavy loam and clay soils, making here the best individual growth. 



Its .shallow root system, in which it resend>les, as in many other lespects, the spruces, i)ermits 

 it to accompany the latter to the thinner soils of the rocky slopes in the Adirondacks and New 

 England States, although here its development is naturally less thrifty. Its growth on the rocky 

 hills of Mas.siichu.setts within the hardwoods of that region is, however, at least for the first sixty 

 to eighty years not nuicli less thrifty than in the better soils in the valleys. It does not shun even 

 the wetter and occasionally overflowed and swampy ground, and is here found, together with the 

 Fir, Arborvitu', and even Tamarack; yet, on the dry, light sandy, coarse, and gravelly soil the 

 Ked Pine and .lack Pine seem to be able to outdo it. 



ASSOCIATKD SPKCIES. 



The White Pine is less gregarious than any other pines of the Eastern United States. Although 

 it occurs in pure growths as true pinery on the red clays and moister gravels, it more frequently 

 is an admixture in the hardwoods, sharing with them the compacter, heavier soils from which the 

 other pines are excluded. 



Spruce, Hemlock, and Arborvitin (Cedar) are most frequent concomitants of the White Pine 

 in Canada; various s])ccics of Birch and Maple with Beech and Spruce form the composition of 

 the forest in the Adirondacks, overtowered by the pines, and there is hardly any species of the 

 Northern Atlantic forest which in one or the other region of its distribution may not be found in 

 association with the White Pine. 



Owing to the fact that the hardwoods as a rule occupy the better soils, the best individual 

 development of the White Pine is also found in these mixtures. In the pinery of the northwest 

 Ked I'ine and Jack Pine are the associates, while the I'itch Pine (/'. rif/idn), and, in the southern 

 field, the Shortleaf Pine (P. cchinata) are not unfrequently found in its company. 



The samples of "acre yields" following will serve to illustrate more in detail the manner of 

 distribution, the associations, and the capacity of White Pine in the native forests in diflerent 

 parts of its range. More extensive tabulation will be found in the Appendix. 



