50 TliK WHITE PINE. 



any caso, wlien tlic growth of timber is tlie juitniiry object, domestic animals should be rigorously 

 excluded, as they are certain to do more or less injury to the growing trees. A pine forest, or a 

 forest of any kind, is no more iirojjerly a "run" for cattle tlian a fiehl of standing grain, and tlie 

 damage is likely to be more extensive and less capable of rejiair in tin' former than in the latter 

 Ciise. 



The White I'ine shows considerable recn])erativc ])ower, which is exhibited in the ready 

 reestai)lishment of broken leader ;nicl the healing of wouinls, in which the i)roliDc resin exudations 

 assist by kee|)ing out wat»'r ami fungi. 



The experiences of Mr. ISathaniel Morton, of I'lyniouth, Mass., in trimming i)ines, recorded 

 in The Forester (dune, 1898), show the absolute safety of pruning live limbs of .5 to 5 inches and 

 more in diameter, which arc covered in a few yeais by new growth (I'l. XI). An interesting case 

 of i)ertinacity of life ami recuperative i)ower, which at tiie same time throws light on the much- 

 debated <iuestion of food and water movement in trees, is also reported from the same source, and 

 represented in tig. 4. 



A young pine in the forest was, two years ago, not only girdk-d, but the bark peeled off for 

 11 inches all around the tree. The tree has a perfectly healthy appearance, and has continued to 

 grow in length, although apparently about half as fast as befor(!. The measurements of intcrnodes 

 of this tree duiing the last six years follow. Tlic diameter growth above tiic wound has continued, 

 while below the wound it has remained stationary, as will appear from the measurements made 

 two years after the removal of the bark. 



Inches. 



Circiiinforcncc near the f;ioiiml 15 



Circuiiif^ieiico.jiist liclow tlir niximl 11 



Circumference wli^rc Imrk is Htri|ipo<l il^ 



C'ircnnifercnei'.just aliovo Mrst mw of branches M 



Circumference above seioml row of branches 11 



The wound is entirely covered by i)itch. The growth Just above the wound has a baggy 

 appearance, showing an accumulation of wood dc[)osit, which shows the arrest of the food 

 materials due to the absence of the cambium layer and bark. 



It would ai)pear that the roots crould either live without the food sui)ply from above (at least 

 for two years), or else that a sulhcient amount can pass through the dead wood of the trunk, and 

 at least the water necessary for the elaboration of food materials in the foliage can be supi)lied 

 through the old wood. The writer ins]»ected this tree, and can vouch for the truthfulness of the 

 descripti<jn. A similar case with a soutliern pine (species undetermined) came to his attention, 

 where the tree was older and had grown over twenty years above the wound; but as only a cut 

 was inspected the possibility of a canibial connection of the upjier and lower parts was not abso- 

 lutely excluded, as in the present case. 



INJURIES BY STORMS. 



Of injuries not within human control maybe mentioned, lirst, those resulting from storms, 

 snow, and ice. The soft texture of the wooil and the short-lived branches of the White I'ine 

 would naturally suggest its being more liable to injury by storms than are deciduous treses. This, 

 however, is nijt the case. The angle which tlit^ branches make with the trunk admits f>f their 

 readily bending, and under such a weight it is found that Maples and other hardwood trees break 

 down much more fre(|in'ntly. Mr. B. F. lloyt, of Manchester, Iowa, states that " a whole summer's 

 observation among the White Fines of Tennessee lailed to reveal a single (;ase in wliicli a tree of 

 that species was injured by the wind," attributing the fact to the mechanical disi)osition and 

 structure of the trunk and branches.' In this respect, then, the White Fine stands at a decided 

 advantage as compared with many deciduous trees with which it is natui'ally associated. 



Like the shallow-rooted Spruce, the White Fine is liable to be uprooted and thrown by storms, 

 although to a less degree. 



While, however, the mechanical effects of the wind and of storms of snow ami ice are not 

 suflBcient to require special consideration, the injurious consequences of drying winds are such as 



'American Naturalist, Hccrmber, ISSU. 



